I 




> 



/ 

THE 

BRAZILIAN AND PORTUGUESE BANK. 

(LIGHTED.) / 7 7 

__==_ 

No. 63, RITA DIRE IT A, 
RIO DE JANEIRO. 

CAPITAL, £1,000,000 I PAID UP, £500,000. 

With power to increase. 



HEAD OFFICE: 

13, ST. HELEN'S PLACE, LONDON. 

OPORTO BRANCH: 

RUA DIS INGLETES, OPORTO. 

AGENCIES IN 

LISBON, PARIS, HAMBURG, AND OTHER CITIES OF 
EUROPE; AND IN BRAZIL, AT PERXAMBUCO 
AND BAHIA. 



Allows Interest on Deposits, Grants Letters of Credit, 
Issues Drafts of Exchange, Purchases Bills, and 
transacts all kind of Banking 1 Business. 



LIVERPOOL, BRAZIL, & RIVER PLATE 

STEAMEES. 



Kepler . 


1499 tons. 


Halley 


1347 tons. 


Galileo . 


1525 „ 


Humboldt 


1344 „ 


Memnon . 


1209 „ 


Arago 


843 „ 


Newton . 


1074 „ 


Cassini 


843 „ 


Ptolemy . 


1115 „ 


Flamsteed 


1393 „ 


Thales . 


1153 „ 


Copernicus 


1393 „ 



SCREW STEAMEES 

ARE DESPATCHED EROM 

LIVERPOOL 

(CALLING AT LISBON) 

WITH FIRST AND THIRD CLASS PASSENGERS, AND CARGO, FOR 

POETS II BRAZIL AID THE RITES, PLATE. 

tor 

BAH I A AID RIO DE JAIEIRO, 

On or about the 10th of every Month. 

AND FOR 

BAHIA, RIO DE JAIEIRO, MOITE YIDEO 

AND 

BUEIOS AIRES, 

On or about the 25th of every Month. 

APPLY TO 

LAMPORT & HOLT. 

21, WATER STREET, LIVERPOOL. 



/ 



BRAZIL 



ITS PROVINCES AND CHIEF CITIES ; 



THE 



JHitmttrs k €nAnm% of tjre ^n$k; 

AGRICULTURAL, 
COMMERCIAL, AND OTHER STATISTICS 

Taken from the latest Official Docu/ne/ ts : 



WITH A VARIETY OF 



USEFUL AND ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE, 



BOTH EOR THE MERCHANT AND THE EMIGRANT. 



BY / 

WILLIAM SCULLY, 

DITOK OF THE " ANGLO-BRAZILIAN TIMES." 



LONDON: 
TRUBNER & CO.., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW 

1868. 



-677/ 



TO 



HIS EXCELLENCY 



SR JOAO LIES YIEIRA CANSMCAO DE SMMBU, 

i 

TO WHOM 



BRAZIL IS SO LARGELY INDEBTED FOR HER 
ADVANCEMENT, 

THIS 

IS DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE. 



Beazil lias been visited at sundry times by 
many distinguished naturalists and writers, 
whose researches, published to the world, have 
become "household words" among all classes, 
and thus most readers of the present day are 
familiar with her flora, her fauna, her ento- 
mology, and her diamonds. Still these works, 
though most interesting and instructive, and 
enlivened by the most varied charms of style 
and eloquent description, do not in all things 
meet the requirements of the age, as they do 
not usually condescend to those details which, 
in these commercial days, are looked upon by 
many as a sine qua non in a descriptive work. 
It is for this reason that the author, encouraged 
by the good wishes of many experienced literary 
friends, and possessing at his hand peculiar and 
valuable facilities for the undertaking, has 
ventured to fill up, in part, the void, and thus 
to make the public better acquainted with a 



PREFACE. 



country which has of late years made extra- 
ordinary strides in political and commercial 
progress, but which still remains to most a 
demi-savage, forest-covered wild, producing 
coffee, Sugar, insects, gums, gold, snakes, and 
precious stones. 

Therefore, avoiding ground already so ably 
occupied, and rarely indulging himself in diver- 
gence from the strict limits of his purpose, 
the author has condensed, systematised, and 
arranged the mass of private and official matter 
at his command into such a suitable form and 
size as he hopes may render this work, in the 
eyes of the statesman, the merchant, the seaman, 
and the agriculturist, a true and convenient 
guide-book to Brazil. 



INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 



A traveller without a guide-book is like a 
ship at sea without a compass, and must resign 
himself to being dragged about in the wake of 
a courier who, though perhaps long a resident, 
may yet remain perfectly ignorant of the man- 
ners and customs of the people, and of the points 
of interest in the country. The author, there- 
fore, designs to give a succinct account, and a 
clear outline, of the different provinces, and of 
their capabilities, together with a skeleton tour 
through their capitals. 

A man must carry knowledge with him if he 
desire to bring more home ; but it is a lamen- 
table fact that many persons leave Brazil, after 
a long residence in it, as ignorant of its grand 
sights, and of the laws, institutions, and habits of 
the people, as when they came ; remaining, as is 



X 



INTRODUCTION. 



too often the ease, prejudiced against what they 
nad not even tried to understand. 

One great requisite in a traveller is coolness 
of temper. Contrarieties will arise even in the 
best organised countries; and, in Brazil, where 
espere um pouco (wait a little), amantia (to- 
morrow), and paciencia (patience), are words 
in everyone's mouth, an easy-tempered man 
makes the best traveller. Therefore let your 
motto be "keep cool,' 7 and if circumstances 
absolutely require the fortiter in re, at least let 
it be tempered with the suaviter in modo ; for 
the Brazilian is innately courteous, and, appre- 
ciating in a high degree the quality in others, 
will yield much more to the politeness and 
suavity of the stranger than could be extorted 
by the menaces of the Foreign Office. 

Next to conformity with the manners and 
customs comes a knowledge of the simple coin- 
age, and of the easy, terse, and beautiful lan- 
guage of the Lusiad and Brazil. Better than 
a thrice-filled purse willj the traveller find this 
knowledge, and he should at least become 
familiar with his vocabulary, and with vintens^ 
pataqaes, testoes, and milreis. 

Money offers but little difficulty, for sove- 



INTRODUCTION. 



xi 



reigns are legal tender at nearly nine milreis 
each (8#890), but the safest and most conve- 
nient mode of carrying money is by a letter of 
credit on some bank, whose credit stands so 
liigli as to be known and respected in every 
part of the empire. 

Passports are necessary, and may be procured 
either from the Brazilian consuls, or from the 
authorities of your own country, but we recom- 
mend the latter in every case. The different 
members and the servants of a family can 
travel with the one passport if they be included 
in it. On arrival, it will be vised at once by 
the police officer, and handed back to you on 
board. On wishing to leave Brazil you will 
have to advertise your intention for three 
preceding days, or procure some respectable 
person to become responsible for your debts 
and liabilities. 

We advise all British subjects to call and 
pay their respects to the representatives of their 
country, whom they will find in general obliging 
and gentlemanly ; and, if in Rio de Janeiro, 
most valuable information may be obtained 
from the English consul there, Mr. Hunt, who 
is a perfect encyclopedia of useful and enter- 



XII 



INTRODUCTION. 



taining knowledge, and whose dicta may be 
strictly relied on, while, in case of any occur- 
rence requiring his official intervention as a 
British consul, there is no man whose recla- 
mations for redress are better attended to by 
the authorities of Brazil. 

Could the intelligent English, Irish, and 
Scotch agriculturists, possessed of small capital, 
be induced to scale the confining walls of 
home-ties and prepossessions to come here 
to judge for themselves of the climate, the 
resources, and the capabilities of this vast and 
fertile empire, on which nature, in the collo- 
cation and accumulation of its mineral and 
agricultural wealth, seems to have smiled 
benignantly, and to have lavished with a muni- 
ficent hand her choicest treasures, we think 
that few would be willing to leave the prospects 
which it offers to the enterprising and indus- 
trious farmer, whether in the pursuit of agricul- 
ture or of grazing — prospects far superior to 
those offered by Australia, New Zealand, or the 
United States. 

It is too much the fashion with foreigners to 
make "odious comparisons" between Brazil 
and their own country. They maybe perfectly 



INTRODUCTION. Xlll 

conscientious in their belief, but, with the super- 
ficial knowledge they acquire without mingling 
with the natives, they become discontented, 
knowing nothing of the real kindness, courtesy, 
and hospitality of the people among whom they 
may be mere 44 birds of passage," and in their 
writings and conversation the temptation of a 
well-rounded period, or pointed sarcasm, often 
carries the day against their better sense of 
justice. 

To no citizen of any country is it becoming 
to play the Pharisee, for in no country are the 
institutions and customs beyond improvement, 
or beyond criticism and detraction. There are 
many things in Brazil susceptible of alteration 
for the better, but strike a fair balance, and there 
are few countries freer and more prosperous. 

The constitution and the laws are a reflex of 
the English. The Emperor is a highly educated 
gentleman, speaking most European languages ; 
and as a monarch, is a pattern to those of 
Europe. The Empress is a lady, and a 
Christian, and she and her illustrious husband 
are easy of access alike to rich and poor. 

The court and aristocracy of Brazil have 
learnt to carry their pride without offence, and 



xiv INTRODUCTION. 

there is a rising class which is rearing imperish- 
able monuments of their zeal and patriotism 
in the promotion of just and salutary laws. 
Religious opinions of all kinds are respected, 
and though a Roman Catholic country, the 
Government pays Protestant clergymen for the 
benefit of the German emigrants. 

The River Plate is a nest of petty republics 
constantly at cross purposes, and without any 
combined plan of material progress; Monte 
Video, a state bankrupt in everything but 
oppression ; and the other republics of South 
America, smouldering volcanoes, ready at any 
moment to vomit forth anarchy and bloodshed. 

The laws of Brazil are far from perfection, 
but its constitution is upheld in its integrity, 
and gives a sufficient guarantee to every one 
of life and property. Foreigners are welcomed, 
and the people and Government endeavour by 
every means to encourage emigration; and, 
with the great facilities afforded, and the im- 
mense field for enterprise for industrious agri- 
culturists, it is surprising that Scotch and Irish 
emigrants do not seek this country, where a life 
of more prosperity and of greater ease awaits 
them than can be realised in the United States r 



INTRODUCTION. XV 

where the foreigner is despised, and where the 
frightful winter of an arctic clime exacts from 
the panting farmer excessive labour in a summer 
heat that is never experienced even in the hot- 
test equatorial regions of Brazil. 

Brazil, in truth, enjoys the finest, the most 
equable, and the healthiest climate that is found 
in any country in similar latitudes. Her soil 
yields everything that tropical and temperate 
climes produce ; and, if there were but sufficient 
labour, she could easily become the source 
from which Europe would obtain, not only her 
luxuries and her comforts, not only the staples 
which feed her manufactures, the dyewoods, 
the indigo and the cochineal of her dyers, the 
drugs, gums, balsams, and resins of her druggists, 
but even the grain and cattle with which she 
nourishes her population. 



ERRATA. 



For aniantia 
„ pataques 
„ testoes 
„ Deos the 

e $ should be 
For Sauta 
„ Caifa 
„ Maria 
„ 9,600,000Z. 
Paul ens e 



read araanka 
,, patacas 
„ tostoes 
Deos lhe 

after the 000 
read Souto 
Caixa 
„ Maua 

9,600,0001bs. 
Paulista 



% 



BRAZIL. 



THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. 

The present Emperor, Dom Pedro II. , as- 
cended the throne of Brazil while only five 
years old, his father, Dom Pedro L, having 
abdicated in his favour on April 7, 1831. 

The ceremony of his coronation took place 
on July 18, 1841, and on September 4, 1843, 
he espoused the present Empress, Donna 
Theresa Christina Maria, aunt of the ex-king 
of Naples. 

It is not too much to say that it is to the 
wise and vigorous administration of the present 
Emperor that Brazil owes her present rank 
among civilised nations, and the prosperity and 
tranquillity she has enjoyed for so many years 
in the midst of the continuous outbreaks against 
law and order which have desolated and ruined 
the unhappy republics that surround her. In 

B 



2 



BRAZIL. 



achieving this great result the personal cha- 
racter and acquirements of the Emperor have 
been of incalculable service, as displaying a 
high standard of excellence, in manners, educa- 
tion, and morality, to which his courtiers and 
his people might aspire. Foremost and inde- 
fatigable in every project likely to advance the 
interests of his country, morally or materially, 
he has used the great powers entrusted to him 
by the Constitution, and the still greater ac- 
quired through the influence of his own cha- 
racter and talents, for the benefit of the people 
themselves, and not for the aggrandisement of 
himself or family, and it is no wonder that, im- 
bibing his spirit and stimulated by his example, 
the public men of Brazil number among their 
ranks some of the most patriotic and large- 
minded statesmen to be found in the world. 

His Majesty is accessible to all ranks of 
society, and ready to listen to any tale of dis- 
tress. His annuity of 800,000 milreis scarcely 
enables him to obey the dictates of his heart in 
the distribution of his charity. 

iSTor in this beautiful characteristic is Her 
Majesty the Empress deficient, and the 96,000 
milreis she receives annually is chiefly dis- 



THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. 



3 



bursed, not in the wasteful extravagance of 
fashion, but in the alleviation of poverty and 
sickness, she contenting herself in her dress with 
the elegant simplicity of taste without the orna- 
mental jewellery and expensive modes of Paris. 

The two princesses, one 18 years, the other 
17 years old, have been very carefully educated 
by the most competent professors procurable, 
and under the personal superintendence of the 
Emperor, who, whatever his avocations, devoted, 
an hour each clay to their instruction in history 
and geography. 

The eldest, Donna Isabel, is heiress to the 
throne, the Salic law not obtaining in Brazil, 
and great expectations are entertained from her 
well-known amiable disposition and natural 
talent. She was married on October 15, 1864, 
to Louis Gaston d'Orleans, Compte d'Eu, a 
grandson of Louis Philippe, who distinguished 
himself greatly while in the Spanish service 
during the last war between Spain and Mo- 
rocco. 

The younger sister, Donna Leopoldina, 
married Augustus, Duke of Saxe Coburg, a 
member of one of the richest and most illus- 
trious families in Germany. 

b 2 



4 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 

Among the various classes of which Brazilian 
society is composed, the nobilit}^ naturally 
claims the first attention. As the creation of 
a Brazilian aristocracy took place only after the 
declaration of independence in 1822, the length 
of their pedigrees is but short, and by a very 
wise and salutary law, all titles conferred on 
persons become extinct at their death, so that, 
in order that their heirs may obtain the same 
honours, they must render some public service 
which will merit the appreciation of the Em- 
peror, whose selection is in conformity with all 
his public acts, and confers " honour only on 
those to whom honour is due." The nobility 
possess many amiable qualities. They are 
temperate, generous, charitable, attached to 
their sovereign, and courteous to their inferiors 
in society. Even when occupying the offices 
of Ministers of State, the affable manner in 
which they receive both foreigner and native , 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



5 



contrasts very agreeably with the assumed 
dignity and inaccessibility of the English 
placeman. 

This is truly a pleasant characteristic of 
Brazilian officials, from the highest to the 
lowest ; and even the Emperor, at his levees, 
denies access to none, receives petitions, and 
listens courteously to any requests or commu- 
nications made to him by native or foreigner, 
usually speaking the language of the latter to 
him. At the office of a Minister of State, the 
applicant of any degree enters in his turn, is 
bowed to a chair, and is received as if he were 
conferring a favour rather than seeking one. 
If he is a foreigner, his native tongue is used 
in preference; his views are listened to and 
discussed, and when he takes his leave it is 
with a feeling that, even if not adopted, they 
will, at least, receive a full consideration. 

The ladies, in their out-door life, usually 
attire themselves in the latest Paris fashions, 
and, on days of ceremony and celebrations, don 
their finest dresses and most brilliant jewellery. 
At home, however, they in general are seen in 
very plain apparel, employed industriously in 
some small domestic economy. 



6 



BRAZIL. 



Many of the ladies are very attractive in their 
appearance and in their manners, but, as in 
all vrarm climates, their bloom is usually very 
evanescent, and after 25 they are apt to become 
very stout, a charm, however, which is not 
without the appreciation of their compatriots. 
Among them you cannot find the blue-stocking 
or the strong-minded lady, for in literary pur- 
suits the Brazilian ladies take little interest, 
but they are in general skilful and devoted 
musicians of the Italian school. 

The Brazilian gentlemen are remarkable for 
temperance and frugality, and for natural 
talent may compete with any other nation, but 
so much cannot be said of their industrv. 
Some yield themselves up to the charms of 
literature and science, but most of the upper 
class are content with a monotonous dailv 
round of existence, made up of many naps 
during the day, gapes over the balconies in .the 
afternoon, and a reunion in the evening, with 
an occasional visit to the opera. In truth, the 
warm and mild climate predisposes to indolence, 
and the youth, after having passed through the 
ordinary course of a college education, or 
having loitered a few years with a private 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



7 



tutor, enters into public offices, or, sinking into 
domestic insignificance, fritters away Ms life in 
indolence, or in the endless frivolities of street 
perambulation. 

In fact, a great want in Brazil is the out-door 
games, the debating clubs, the cheap concerts, 
the lectures, the periodicals, and all the various 
appliances "which the European at home has at 
his command, to strengthen and improve both 
mind and body, and which would be of meal- 
culable service to the youth of both sexes, in 
this delicious but somewhat enervating clirnate ; 
and thus it is that the situation of the young 
Englishmen, sent out as clerks to the many 
English mercantile houses in Brazil, becomes 
most deplorable. Placed by their employers in 
a house with one or two negroes to attend them, 
and rigidly shut out from the society of their 
compatriots, by that snobbishness of English 
intercourse abroad (nowhere greater than in 
Brazil), which makes the tinker of kettles dread 
contaminating association with the tinker of 
saucepans, these, in many cases, gentlemanly 
vouno; men. too often take refuse from the 
dreary monotony of their existence, and from 
their feelings of isolation in a foreign land, in 



f 

8 BEAZIL. 

all the excitement of immorality and dissipa- 
tion. 

The clergy, degraded by State patronage, and 
poorly supported by a scanty stipend, do not 
enjoy a lofty pre-eminence ; and are ill able to 
fulfil their sublime mission. Ecclesiastical 
preferments are often bestowed on worthless 
persons as rewards for services rendered not to 
God, but to Ministers of State, for exertions 
made, not in the cause of morality and religion, 
but in canvassing votes at elections ; and thus, 
the o-reat weakness of the Brazilian Church is 
the thraldom in which it is held by the State, 
for the true Pope of Brazil is the Minister of 
the Empire. Still, though the religious feelings 
of the people have been in a great measure 
shocked and undermined, the attachment of 
many to the creed of their forefathers is unde- 
niable. Unfortunately, also, the clergy, having 
no 2:oocl seminarv for their theological education, 
are s:enerallv ignorant, and their onlv mode of 
administering religious instruction is by the 
exhibition of gaudily dressed saints, paraded 
through the streets, and followed by a long 
procession of the priests and religious orders, 
and by every class of the laity, from the stately 



MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 



marquis to the humble negro. In the evening, 
the celebration terminates with a display of 
fireworks, and so ends a sublime religious cere- 
mony, made ridiculous by its adjuncts. 

Of course such a state of things should leave 
great room for the efforts of the missionaries, 
so freely furnished by the societies in England 
and the United States for the enlightenment of 
Roman Catholics ; but, unfortunately, little 
benefit has been derived from the exertions of 
the missionaries, or from the tracts distributed 
to improve and direct the religious feelings of 
the Brazilians. 

As regards the poorer classes of the Bra- 
zilians, the old saying that pride and poverty 
are first cousins is too true ; for, rather than 
descend to certain menial and laborious occupa- 
tions, they will beg, borrow, or live in starvation 
and filth ; while the less fastidious Portuguese, 
by habits of industry, lays up a provision for his 
family, and often rises to a respectable station 
in society. 

The Brazilians show much courtesy and 
kindness to strangers who come among them ; 
and it is by no means a rare thing for them to 
voluntarily take a great deal of trouble to do 



10 



33KAZIL. 



theni a service. In their intercourse with one 
another they are very sociable, but somewhat 
ceremonious. Even among the working-classes 
and the blacks, two acquaintances never meet 
in the street without an interchange of compli- 
ments. A negro, doffing his hat (if he has one), 
addresses his friend with — " Salveo Deos," or 
" Deos the de bons dias ; " then follows a full 
inquiry into the state of his health, and that of 
his family and relations ; and on parting the 
compliments and protestations are regularly re- 
newed. It is also the custom among Brazilians- 
when speaking to one another, to remove their 
hats, and to remain uncovered until desired to 
put them on. 

In their receptions, whenever a stranger 
conies in, he is immediately saluted by every 
one present ; and, if seated, they all rise to pay 
him respect. When receiving a visitor, the 
master of the house is not too proud to go to 
the door to meet him, with the most affable ex- 
pression of — "Tenha a bondade d'entrar, a casa 
e sua," and ushers him into the room, himself 
following behind. On leaving the room, the 
order is reversed, and the host then precedes his 
guest. The parting ceremony usually begins 



MASTERS AND CUSTOMS. 



11 



at the top of the stairs, and consists ordinarily 
of an 4> Adeos " accompanied with a bow ; the 
guest then descends a few steps, followed by the 
host ; here take place a few more complimen- 
tary exchanges ; and finally, at the door, the 
guest again turns round and salutes his friend, 
and a few more bows and polite expressions 
pass between them. On meetings, however, of 
more than ordinary interest — such as that of 
long absent friends — their mutual sympathy 
expresses itself in a warm and hearty embrace; 
one lifting the other fairly off the ground — a 
welcome rather embarrassing to an Englishman 
when first subjected to it. The salutations of 
ladies among themselves, both at meeting and 
parting, are not less ardent and affectionate ; 
and are made on all occasions by a mutual pro- 
fusion of kisses on both cheeks. 

In personally addressing one another, the 
Brazilians pay great regard to distinction and 
rank, and, perhaps, in no other language are 
these so precisely determined. Every fidalgo 
must be addressed with vossa excellencia, and 
this term is extended to all persons holding 
high offices of Government. Bishops are simi- 
larly addressed ; a simple clergyman is entitled 



12 



BRAZIL. 



to vossa reverencia ; and all other persons 
of respectability to vossa senhoria. In speak- 
ing to ladies, vossa excellencia is the title 
given. 

In epistolary correspondence, all persons en- 
titled to excellencia are addressed illustrissimo 
e excellentissimo senhor, or, illustrissima e ex- 
cellentissima senhora donna, if to a ladv. All 
others receive illustrissimo senhor. Jn writing 
to a superior, etiquette requires you to sign 
your name at the very bottom of the page, and 
the superscription is generally placed at right 
angles with that on English letters. The 
name is preceded by the illustrissimo e excellen- 
tissimo senhor, or in accordance with the rank, 
and is followed by three etceteras, and, if oc- 
cupying any high office, it is customary to put 
under the above, dignissimo, with his official 
title. If sent by hand, the name of the writer 
is placed at the bottom. 



13 



HISTORY. 

^Brazil was first discovered on April 22, 1500, 
hy Pedro Alvares Cabral, who landing at Porto 
Seguro, took possession of the country in the 
name of the Portuguese king, Dom Manoel, in 
the reign of whose successor, Dom Joao III., 
the country was granted to twelve donatorios 
for the purpose of colonisation ; they, however, 
being able to effect little, the grants finally 
reverted to the Crown, either by purchase or 
resumption. The Indian population, consist- 
ing of 160 tribes, offered great obstacles to 
the settlement, and during the absorption of 
Portugal by Spain, the Dutch possessed them- 
selves, from 1624 to 1654, of the sea-coast 
provinces from the Maranhao to the S. Fran- 
cisco. The immigration of the Portuguese 
Court, during the seizure of Portugal by Napo- 
leon, gave a great impulse to the development 
of the country, but after the return of the 
King to Portugal, the dissatisfaction of the 



14 



BRAZIL. 



Brazilians at their connexion "with Portugal led T 
on September 7, 1822, to the proclamation of 
their independence, and Dom Pedro L, the son 
of the King of Portugal, was declared the first 
Emperor of Brazil ; he granting the present 
Constitution enjoyed by the people. However, 
April 7, 1831, this monarch abdicated in favour 
of the now reigning Emperor, Dom Pedro II., 
under whom, after some outbreaks in various 
provinces, Brazil has settled down into its 
present state of peace and prosperity. 

The climate of Brazil is remarkable for its 
general salubrity and mildness of temperature, 
though situated almost entirelv in the torrid 
zone. This is due to the high elevation of the 
greater part of its surface, to the prevailing 
winds being from the sea, and in the south to 
the comparative narrowness of the continent. 
In the northern provinces the seasons are pretty 
regular, the winter being the rainy, and the 
summer the dry season ; but in the southern 
and interior provinces much irregularity occurs, 
and the rains are sometimes more frequent in 
summer than in winter, while in some of the 
middle ones much injury is caused by frequent 
want of rain. 



HISTORY. 



15 



Brazil lies between 4° 15' north latitude, and 
33° 43' south latitude, and 34° 32' and 75° 3' 
west longitude. It is bounded on the north by 
the Atlantic Ocean, Guiana, and Venezuela ; on 
the west by Equaclor, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, 
and Argentina ; on the south by Argentina and 
Uruguay ; and on the east by the ocean. It 
has a sea-coast of 1,200 leagues, is 765 leagues 
from north to south, 727 from east to west, and 
has an area of 280,460 square leagues. 

The capital is the city of Eio de Janeiro. 

The surface, with the exception of the pro- 
vinces of Amazonas and Para, and a strip of 
land along the sea-coast, is one vast, high, 
broken plateau, which, rising from the north 
and south, has its culmination in the provinces 
of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Mato Grosso, 
where are found plains and mountains from 
2,000 to 5,800 feet above the level of the ocean. 

From this ridge, excepting the Amazonas and 
its northern and more western tributaries, flow 
all the great rivers of Brazil, but all of which 
Ivins; east of the Puriis and south of the Ama- 
zonas have their navigation interrupted by the 
falls and rapids which occur in their courses, 
where they descend from the general plateau^ 



16 



BRAZIL. 



into the lower lands of the north, east, and 
south. 

The mineral wealth of Brazil is extraor- 
dinarily great, but remains undeveloped from 
want of capital, enterprise, and labour, almost 
the only receipts being from the gold and 
diamond washings, which, after yielding two 
tons of diamonds and eight hundred of gold, 
seem exhausted of their rich stores, and have 
been in a great measure abandoned. Most of 
the known metals and precious stones have been 
found, and iron, the most useful of all, is in 
great abundance throughout. Coal is in a 
degree deficient, for though immense deposits of 
lignite and valuable bituminous earth exist in 
the central provinces, true coal has been found 
only in those at the extreme south. 

The zoology of the country is varied, though 
presenting nothing recent of great size. The 
principal animals are the jaguar, ounce T fox, 
tiger-cat, hyena, saratus, wolf, tapir, jDeccary, 
water-hog, porcupine, armadillo, sloth, ant-eater, 
monkeys, deer, and cutia. Among the great 
number of birds are the emu, or ostrich of the 
western continent, and many of note for their 
plumage, such as humming-birds of all sizes, 



HISTORY. 



17 



parrots, ouira, aral, salian, and candidi. In the 
reptile class are many serpents, remarkable 
either for their poison, like the cobra and coral 
snakes, or for their size and strength, like the 
anaconda and boa; besides which are alliga- 
tors, lizards, and turtles, great numbers of the 
latter existing in the rivers and sea, and giving, 
together with the abounding fisheries, employ- 
ment to very many persons. 

Insects are also very numerous, such as the 
herbivorous ant, sometimes an inch long, whose 
ravages in the plantations have caused the 
abandonment of districts in Espirito Santo, the 
timber-eating cupim or white ant, the visits of 
which are dreaded by every household, huge 
spiders living on birds, scorpions, centipedes, 
mosquitoes, and other minor plagues, bees of 
different kinds, some storing up sweet, and 
others sour honey, the silkworm, which feeds on 
orange and pines, the cochineal insect, fire-flies, 
and magnificent butterflies. 



c 



18 



AGRICULTURE. 

In Brazil, agricultural science is studied but by 
few, and by the few rather as an amusement 
than as a means, consequently no care is taken 
to preserve or renovate the ground. This may 
be deplored, but it is only natural. In Brazil, 
labour is dear and land of little value, and no 
manure can be as cheap as the soil of newly- 
cleared lands. Therefore, when a farm or 
plantation ceases to produce largely, a fresh 
attack is made upon the virgin forest, and with 
the aid of axe and fire a piece of new ground is 
made ready for the plant. Though ploughs 
and other farming implements have been 
introduced within the last six years, and are 
much used in some localities, in most places the 
preparation of the soil, planting, and cultivation 
of the crop are done solely with heavy hoes 
wielded by the labourers. Like the cultivation, 
the gathering and preparation of the crop are 



COFFEE. 



19 



susceptible of great improvements, but the 
capital of most of tlie planters is sunk in the 
purchase of the needful slave labour, and many 
are obliged to hypothecate their crops long- 
before maturity, in order to procure the sums 
requisite for their expenses. From these causes, 
and from the profits of planting being very 
great, the planters (with some honourable 
exceptions) are as a general rule content with 
their processes as they are, even though they 
may be aware of others by which not only the 
quantity but the quality of their products would 
be materially improved. 



COFFEE. 



This is the most important of the productions 
of Brazilian agriculture, as its export is equal to 
that of all the other articles united, and Brazil 
grows one-half of the coffee produced in the 
whole world. The profits of the culture of this 
plant have been so great as to hav$ caused in 
some provinces an encroachment on that of 
sugar- The chief coffee raising provinces are 

c 2 



20 



BRAZIL. 



Rio de Janeiro, St. Paulo, Bahia, Ceara, and 
Minas Geraes. 

The tree on which this valuable berrv grows 
is an evergreen, commonly from 8 to 12 feet 
high, though oftentimes attaining a much 
greater altitude. When a plantation is to be 
formed the sunny slope of a hill is selected, the 
soil of which is not too retentive of the water 
falling; on it. This, after being; cleared and 
burnt off in the usual manner of treating timber 
lands, is planted over in rows, with year old 
plants, previously reared in a nursery. These 
receive little further care than to keep the 
weeds down, and to have the upward growth 
checked by pruning, so as to facilitate the 
gathering of the crop. In three years the trees 
are productive, and will in general continue so 
for upwards of twenty years. Its thick clusters 
of white flowers burst forth in abundance at 
certain seasons, but the dark green foliage is 
rarely seen unrelieved by them and by the fruit 
in all stages of maturity. This resembles a 
cherry, and the flesh that surrounds the bean 
is sweet and agreeable to the taste, but like the 
leaves, partakes of the flavour of the berry. 
The harvest is usually made twice in the year, 



COFFEE. 



21 



at which time the fruit is collected and spread 
out to dry in the sun on a flagged floor, care 
being taken to frequently stir it up. When 
sufficiently desiccated it is passed through a 
rude machine, which separates the dried flesh 
from the bean, after which the tough membrane 
that encloses both parts of the bean is rubbed 
away by a similar machine, and the berries 
being; winnowed are then ready for market. 

From its strong; flavour Brazilian coffee is 
improved by age, perhaps in a greater degree 
than any other coffee, and it is said if kept for 
ten or twelve years, would fully equal the best 
Mocha. 



Coffee. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value in milreis. 


1 

1840-41 


5.059,223 


17.804.000 


1841-42 


5,565,325 


18,396.000 


1842-43 


o j b 9 < ; 5 5 5 


17.091.000 


1843-44 


6,294.282 


17,986.000 


1844-45 


6,229.277 


17.508,000 


1845-46 


7,034.582 


21.307.000 


1846-47 


9,747,730 


21.971,000 


1847-48 


9,558,141 


25.159,000 



BRAZIL. 



Coffee. — Exports to Foreign Countries — continued. 



A Cell o • 




V dlLlC 111 111111 cio. 


1848-49 


8.600,032 


21,513 000 


1849-50 


5,935,770 


22,838,000 


1850-51 


10,148,268 


32,604 000 


1851-52 


9,544,858 


32,954^000 


1852-53 


9,923,983 


33,897^000 


1853-54 


8^698,036 


35,444^553 


1854-55 


13,027,524 


48,491,003 


X ooo-oo 


1 I ,U«J 1 ,owo 


4Q a i ^ nnn 

tco,U1 O.UUU 


1856-57 


13,026,299 


54,107,000 


1857-58 


9,719,054 


43,502,851 


1858-59 


11,169,241 


50,138,253 


1859-60 


10,307,708 


60,238,437 


1860-61 


14,585,908 


79,663,552 


1861-62 


9.881,590 


58,746,993 


1862-63 


8,724,142 


56,574,935 



SUGAR. 

Sugar is one of the great articles of export 
from Brazil, forming about one sixth of the total 
value exported. It has not had the same rapid 
increase that, of late years, has been observed 
in coffee, and its culture has in some provinces 
even become stationary, owing to the preference 
oiven to the growth of coffee and cotton, which 
are, for many reasons, supposed to be more 
advantageous to the planter, as requiring less 



SUGAR. 



23 



capital and labour. The cultivation of this 
plant is in general carried on in the most pri- 
mitive manner, and, owing to the rudeness of 
the machinery, and the want of knowledge of 
the latest and most improved processes of manu- 
facture, the quality of Brazilian sugar is, with 
some few exceptions of note, greatly inferior to 
that of other American countries. However, in 
this as in most other matters, the Brazilians are 
seeking to put themselves on an equality with 
other nations, and many enterprising planters 
are availing themselves of the latest improve- 
ments that machinists and scientific men have 
placed at their disposal. Sugar-cane can be 
grown in almost every part of Brazil, but is 
raised for export chiefly in the provinces of Rio 
Janeiro, St. Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Para- 
hyba, Ceara, Alagoas, and Rio Grande do 
Norte. 

The larger planters usually manufacture only 
their molasses into rum, but many of the 
-smaller planters use their cane for the produc- 
tion of a superior quality of rum and spirits, 
which are much prized and largely exported. 



24 BRAZIL. 



SuGAK. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 



1S40-41 

1841- 42 

1842- 43 

1843- 44 

1844- 45 

1845- 46 

1846- 47 
1347-4S 
184S-49 

1849- 50 

1850- 51 
1-51-52 

1852- 53 

1853- 54 

1854- 55 

1855- 56 

1856- 57 
1-57-58 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 
1^61-62 
1862-63 



Arrobas. 



6.698.392 
4.817.578 
5.209.721 
5,682.9^1 
7.476.287 
7,110,804 
7,098,843 
7.7G8.309 
8.305.659 
7.933.586 
8,907,852 
7.490.099 

10.681.344 
8.258.378 
8.193.137 
7.44* 5-2 
7,670,430 
7.257.758 

lo! 064.245 
5.816.344 
4.528.756 

10.743.04s 

10.121.719 



Value in milreis. 



11.892.000 
8.373.000 
9.998.000 
10.313.000 
14.325.000 
15.860.000 
14.782.000 
14,121,000 
15,879.000 
15,026,000 
15.779.000 
13,488.000 
18,232,000 
1 6.356.553 
16,679J91 
18.910.000 
25.845.000 
22,705,711 
27.656,863 
15,721.259 
11.055.679 
23.335.799 
19.281,027 



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26 BEAZIL. 

COTTON. 

Several varieties of this plant are indigenous 
to tlie tropical regions of Brazil, and it is 
supposed that the green seed cotton, so largely 
grown in the United States, was originally pro- 
cured from Brazil. Cotton will grow, with 
little care, in every province ; but its culture 
as an article of export was, until lately, almost 
confined to the provinces north of Bahia. At 
present it is grown in more or less quantities in 
every sea-coast province north of St. Pedro 
do Eio Grande do Sul. 

The cotton of Brazil is good, and at one time 
the fine cotton of Pernambuco and its neis:h- 
bouring provinces was the most highly-prized 
quality imported into England ; but this repu- 
tation was quickly lost through the folly of the 
planters and exporters, who not only inter- 
mingled different qualities, but even mixed in 
damaged cotton. As far as soil and climate are 
concerned, Brazil possesses almost unlimited 
capacity for the production of cotton of all 
lands, and, with the now increasing introducr 
tion of improved machines for ginning and 



COTTON. 



27 



packing it, it is probable that, instead of stand- 
ing still as it had for some years previous to 
1862, the production of this valuable staple will 
yearly increase until, perhaps, Brazil may be- 
come the greatest cotton growing country in 
the world. 



Cottox. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value. 


1840-41 


691,872 


3,9208000 


1841-42 


639,580 


3,224$000 


lcS 42-43 


685,149 


3,452$000 


1843-44 


814,255 


3,6503000 


1844-45 


826,455 


3,2773000 


1845-46 


645,346 


2.9128000 


1846-47 


608,890 


3,152$000 


1847-48 


639.288 


3,588SOO0 


1848-49 


854,829 


3,4908000 


1849-50 


1,109,313 


5,6793000 


1850-51 


883,440 


5,6968000 


1851-52 


898.249 


4,2883000 



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33 



TOBACCO. 

Tobacco occupies tlie fourth place in the 
exports of Brazil. This plant was introduced 
in the be^innina; of the sixteenth century, and 
grows well in every part of the empire ; but, as 
an article of export, is chiefly raised in Bahia, 
St. Paulo, Minas Geraes, and Bio de Janeiro. 
Brazilian tobacco is fine, but does not enjoy a 
reputation equal to that of the United States 
and Cuba ; but this probably arises from want 
of care in the gathering and after-treatment of 
the crop. The growth of Minas Geraes is 
reputed the best in Brazil for all purposes, but 
is chiefly manufactured into twist, and exported 
through Rio de Janeiro to the South American 
Republics. The tobacco of Bahia is much es- 
teemed in Europe ; and the greater part of the 
leaf-tobacco exported from Brazil comes from 
that province. 

Unfortunately many frauds have been com- 
mitted in this article, and the Brazilian consuls 
have had to remonstrate frequently against 
the foolish practice of adulteration pursued. 
The Government has, however, interfered, and 
succeeded in considerably diminishing this prac- 



34 



BRAZIL. 



tice by the regulations it lias established. 
The cigars of Bahia are of good quality, and 
being looked upon as next to those of Havana, 
are in great request throughout the empire and 
the South American Republics. 



Tobacco. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value in milreis. 


1711-12 


| 

220,000 


344,650 


1840-41 


218,886 


653,000 


1841-42 


342,310 


907,000 


1842-43 


314,604 


764,000 


1843-44 


292,844 


772,000 


1844-45 


390,491 


996,000 


1845-46 


290,339 


968,000 


1846-47 


330,709 


939,000 


1847-48 


323.841 


747.000 


1848-49 


236,290 


893,000 


1849-50 


346,522 


1,051,000 


1850-51 


490,508 


1,703.000 


1851-52 


566 J 13 


1,794,000 


1852-53 


412,825 


1,169.000 


1853-54 


680,151 


2,101,370 


1854-55 


681,230 


2,02^,160 


1855-56 


526.366 


2,075,000 
3,438,000 


1856-57 


602,268 


1857-58 


302,278 


2,372,000 


1858-59 


563,399 


3,046,636 


1859-60 


685,414 


4,022,455 


1860-61 


314,950 


2.382,567 


1861-62 


777,922 


4,878.619 


1862-63 


1,140,467 


6,202.010 



35 



CAOUTCHOUC, OR GUM ELASTIC. 

Tlie Indian rubber of Brazil is procured from 
a tree indigenous in many parts of Brazil but 
is found in especial abundance in the great 
forests of the vallev of the Amazonas, where it 
forms large woods, and, consequently, from 
Amazonas and Para is sent almost all the 
caoutchouc exported from Brazil. In those 
provinces the collection is mostly effected by 
the half-domesticated Indians, called Tapuios, 
who stipulate wifh the owners of the lands, 
giving them one-fourth of the gum elastic 
gathered. 

The process is very simple. After procuring 
a large number of clay cups, which the Indians 
themselves manufacture and burn, one man 
goes along with a small hatchet chopping into 
the trees, while another, who follows with the 
cups, places one beneath each incision. Four 
hours afterwards they return to collect the 
juice, which, when first drawn, looks like milk 
both in colour and liquidity, but after a time 

d 2 



36 



BKAZIL. 



the caoutchouc separates, and slowly solidifies 
into an opaque whitish substance. 

The bottles and other small articles, which 
are sometimes exported, are formed on clay 
moulds, which are dipped repeatedly into the 
liquid until coated with a sufficient thickness r 
each layer being dried in the sun or over a 
gentle fire, the smoke in the latter case giving 
them a dark colour. When dry the mould is 
broken and the pieces extracted. 

Within the last fifteen years [this trade has 
become greatly developed, and gum elastic is 
now the fifth in rank among the exports of 
Brazil. 



Caoutchouc. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



ears. 



Arrobas. 



Value in milreis. 



1840- 41 

1841- 42 

1842- 43 

1843- 44 

1844- 45 

1845- 46 

1846- 47 

1847- 48 

1848- 49 

1849- 50 

1850- 51 



25,344 
35,986 
19,805 
24,320 
24,988 
26,833 
35,469 
48,701 
51,547 
59,878 
94.998 



198,200 
296,200 
104,300 
136,400 
149,600 
153,700 
178,000 
220,900 
257,400 
375,000 
1,046,600 



CACAO) OE COCOA. 37 



Caoutchouc — Exports to Foreign Countries — continued* 



Years. 


] 

Arrobas. 


Value in milreis. 


iooi— da 


1U < ,UU / 




looz-oo 




I,4U / ,oUU 


1 GOO— 04: 


1 i 


Q Q/LQ 

3,0 / l.o^fco 


1854-55 


195,285 
144.677 


2,830^,545 


1855—56 


2,278,130 


1856-57 


11 1',908 


1,596,219 


1857-58 


109,344 


1,243.360 
1,844,522 


1858-59 


116.355 


1859-60 


172,310 


3,419,038 


1860-61 


167,021 


2,910,531 


1861-62 


152,520 


2,438,159 


1862-63 


208,513 


3,275.913 



CACAO, OB COCOA. 

This bean, from which chocolate is prepared, 
is the seed of an evergreen tree, growing about 
twelve to twenty feet high. The fruit resembles 
& short thick cucumber, and contains a number 
of the seeds enclosed in a pulp, somewhat like 
that of a water-melon, which is frequently used 
for food and sweetmeats. The tree is indite- 
nous in Para, being; found in great abundance 
on the banks of the great rivers of that province, 
and from Para come five-sixths of the exports 
from Brazil. It is, besides, grown to some 
extent in Bahia, and, in a trifling degree, in 



38 



BRAZIL. 



Maranhao and in Eio cle Janeiro, but, requiring 
little labour and capital, is well worthy of more 
attention. 

The mode of forming a plantation is, after 
having cleared and burned off the suitable land 
near the bank of a river, small holes are made 
in the ground and a seed placed in each, and, 
in order to keep down weeds and to shelter the 
young plants from the sun and winds, banana 
trees are planted throughout the cocoa grounds. 

At the end of three years the cocoa tree is 
well grown and productive of fruit. These are 
ripe about June and December, and are knocked 
off the trees with the aid of Ions; forks. Thev 
are then piled in heaps on the ground, or under 
sheds, and are allowed to ferment for three or 
four days, after which they are cut open and 
the beans removed, which are spread on the 
ground, or on mats, to dry. 



39 



Cacao. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value in milreis. 


1840-41 


139,249 


385,000 


1841-42 


182.282 


467,000 


1842-43 


151,526 


370^,000 


1843-44 


189,749 


432,000 


1844-45 


132,755 


351,000 


1845-46 


199,816 


541,000 


1846-47 


205,749 


541,000 


1847-48 


161,015 


469,000 


1848-49 


251,682 


577,000 


1849-50 


282,260 


657 ; 00O 


1850-51 


262,670 


581,000 


i85]-52 


291,361 


554,000 


1852-53 


229,986 


492,000 


1853-54 


316,251 


787.321 


1854-55 


147,901 


418,659 


1 855— 56 


164.283 


618.000 


1856-57 


240^448 


1,476,000 


1857-58 


246,409 


1,655,815 


1858-59 


276.938 


1,320,119 


1859-60 


246.460 


1.456,276 


1860-61 


270,974 


1,681,079 


1861-62 . 


232,555 


1,442,059 


1862-63 


313,152 


1,578,937 



HERVA MATE 

(Yerba-Mate, Jesuits' or Paragua) r an Tea). 

The tree from which this tea, so much used by 
the inhabitants of the southern South American 



40 



BRAZIL. 



republics, is prepared, is a species of holly 
growing wild in the state of Paraguay and in 
the Brazilian provinces of Parana and St. Pedro 
do Eio Grande. The natives of the countries 
where it is used ascribe to it many valuable 
medicinal qualities, and it certainly possesses, 
like opium, the double effect of soothing the 
nerves and stimulating the spirits. 

At first Europeans do not like it, it having 
a herby and somewhat bitter taste, but among 
the inhabitants of the southern republics it is a 
much-prized article of luxury and necessity, 
and is the first thing offered by them to their 
visitors ; indeed, their tables are rarely seen 
unoccupied by it, and the gaucho of the plains 
will travel on horseback for weeks, asking no 
better fare than dried beef washed clown by 
copious draughts of mate. The demand being 
thus great and increasing, there is, unfortu- 
nately, continually going on a rapid destruction 
of the tree. The Jesuits foreseeing this started 
large plantations in Paraguay, and at their 
branch missions in the provinces of Parana and 
St. Pedro do Eio Grande, some of which still 
exist, and furnish the best tea made ; and of 
late years some of the land-owners, sensible 



HERVA MATE. 



41 



of the short-sighted policy pursued, have estab- 
lished many plantations with the best results, 
as the quality of the tea improves with the 
cultivation of the tree. 

The manufacture is very simple, and is thus 
conducted. At the proper season the leafy 
twigs are gathered and spread on scaffolds, 
under which slow fires are maintained until 
the twigs are sufficiently dry to be easily pul- 
verised. After being pounded in rude wooden 
mortars the tea is forced into bags of raw hide, 
which are carefully sewn up : and contracting 
in drying still further compresses it into an 
almost solid mass. 

This tea is mostlv used without milk or su£;ai\ 
and on account of its being in powder, the in- 
fusion is sucked up through a small tube having 
a, strainer at the end; but in the province of 
Parana another kind is manufactured from the 
leaves alone, and these being left unpulverised 
it is used in the same way as Chinese tea. 



42 BRAZIL. 



Herya Mate. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value in milreis. 


1840-41 


1 

181,365 


289,500 


1841-42 


161,475 


272,700 


1842-43 


168,651 


313,900 


1843-44 


161.404 


317,600 


1844-45 


202.022 


381,400 


1845-46 


173,853 


362.300 


1846-47 


204,009 


379,600 


1847-48 


311.238 


590,200 


1848-49 


381,251 


719,400 


1849-50 


380,808 


651,100 


1850-51 


347,099 


570,700 
890,900 


1851-52 


497,929 


1852-53 


322,582 


554,300 


1853-54 


472,683 


851,292 


1854-55 


406,682 


857,186 


1855-56 


465.421 


1,785,500 


1856-57 


517,728 


2,637,700 


1857-58 


404.271 


2,304,066 


1858-59 


475,624 


1,749.335 


1859-60 


579,293 


2,115,043 


1860-61 


544.108 


1,673.144 


1861-62 


4 67,704 


1,404,376 


1862-63 


605,179 


1,514.781 



FARIKHA DE MANDIOCA, OR CASSAVA, AND 
TAPIOCA. 

These are prepared from the mandioca, which 

is the starchy root of a small shrub about six 
%j 



FARINHA DE MANDIOCA. 



4a 



to eiglit feet high, largely cultivated for this 
purpose in Brazil. The root of the Brazilian 
species is sometimes 30 pounds in weight, and 
differs from the other known varieties by con- 
taining a very poisonous and acrid "bitter juice. 
In preparing this root for food it is first well 
washed, and is then scraped or grated to a pulp, 
which is thoroughly pressed to remove the 
poisonous juice, and is afterwards dried. This 
is the farinha de mandioca, or cassava, a com- 
mon food of the Brazilians. The pure and fine 
starch that settles from the expressed juice is 
well washed with cold w^ater, and, when dried, 
forms the substance known as tapioca. Farinha 
de mandioca in its crude state is often seen on 
Brazilian tables, but is more frequently mixed 
with water and baked in thin cakes — in this 
state forming the ordinary bread of the poorer 
classes. It thus forms a nourishing and cheap 
food, and it is to be regretted that in Europe 
the vendors should palm off potato-starch, and 
other similar substances, for the more delicate- 
and agreeable cassava and tapioca. 



44 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the 

Countries from the 







EIO DE 




Articles. 


Years. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 




Spirits 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


448 
429 
633 
367 
302 


200,008§590 
145,1118771 
64,9318880 
170.8453660 
242,2093960 




Cotton 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


. . • 
... 
... 

9,712 


... 

58,3518920 




Sugar (white) ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


3,907 
4,297 
5,238 
3.554 
3,676 


367,9733016 
200,1398523 
206.9108137 
408,5068850 
I73,70i8430 




Sugar (brown) ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


2,720 
3,437 
3,193 
2,461 
2,500 


1,474,7848742 
429,7578000 
279,5938958 
1,368,7063460 
1,003,8548860 




Cortee ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


4,539 

5,986 

5,508- 

5,896 

6,576 


45.269,4133412 
51,319,1783394 
71,908,3143515 
48,124,5588670 
45,324,1108000 




Hides (salt) 


1858- 59 

1859- 50 


5.864 
7,478 


201,2843000 
370,1223400 





45 



Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports. 



JANEIRO. 


BAHIA. 




Quantities. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Quantities. 




can. 437,130 
„ 338,34 i 

102,583 
„ 465,091 

806,689 

. . • 

arr. 6,008 

94.173 
46,573 
„ 39,495 
114,929 
47,244 

542,077 
125,026 
„ 87,548 
„ 556,167 
„ 401,541 

„ 9,972,347 
„ 8,573,063 
„ 13,054,061 
„ 8,162,195 
6,891,872 

n°. 34,324 
„ 49,629 


269 
337 
413 
263 
250 

7,915 
7,588 
8,513 
9,678 
15,928 

2.999 
3.351 
2,245 
2,657 
2,567 

2.528 
2,'794 

1,951 
1,647 

3,989 
5,121 
5,099 
5,678 
6,160 

6,708 
8,358 


419,3988390 
130,2478200 
328,2398149 
479,8278381 
387,3048796 

67,3568324 
70,137S171 
9,8758063 
178,9818940 
729,7308204 

2,190,0298730 
652,0878165 
2,697,1028675 
2.507,5638498 
1,991,9528616 

6,591,852$729 
2,227,4953007 

5,197,1273916 
4,942,4073509 

933,1683794 
1,001,8123292 
1,011,0748414 
1,126,1253526 
1,762,9408318 

271,9693130 
329,5628722 


can. 1,555,059 
385,675 
„ 793,636 
„ 1,826,259 
„ 1,511,871 

arr. 9.361 
9,279 
1,160 
„ 18,493 
45,814 

„ 730,012 
194,562 

„ 1,201,368- 
943,722 
775,971 

„ 2,607,006 
797,044 

21662,779 
„ 3,000,464 

„ 233,904 
„ 195,638 
„ 198,304 
„ 198,313 
„ 286,167 

„ 40,541 
39,428 



46 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the 

Countries from the 







RIO DE 


Articles. 


Years. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Hides (salt) 


1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


7,892 

8,000 
7,990 


251.3408000 
272.1248000 
340,6888000 


Hides (dry) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


11,841 
1 1,649 
10,803 
10,338 
8,351 


382,8208300 
123,9868380 
192.123S760 
266,8988700 
112,3178450 


Diamonds 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


300,000 
300.000 
427,480 
500.000 
354,193 


1,506,4508000 
1,535,7008000 
2,506,3208000 
2,878,1988200 
2,468,7258400 


Tobacco (in leaf) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


... 


• • • 


Tobacco (in twist) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


9.576 
10,108 
12,969 
8,248 
7,542 


581,0518149 
667,7618559 
837,4498127 
473,5078000 
688,7068709 


Gold in dust and 
bar. 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


3.617 
3,640 
3,645 
3.595 
3.869 


797.2518210 
1.364,4638046 
1,628.9928970 
2.121,3498300 

766.1778300 



47 



Quantities, of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports — continued. 



JANEIRO. 



EAHIA. 



Quantities. 



Average 
Price. 



Value. 



Quantities. 



51 
53 

arr, 

55 
•5 
5? 
55 

oit. 

35 
?5 
53 
3? 



arr. 
?> 

33 

35 

3? 

oit. 

)? 
?? 

33 
33 



31,833 
34,013 
42,636 

32,329 
10,643 
17,784 
25,815 
13,449 

5,021 
5,119 
5,863 
5,756 
6,970 



60,674 
66,060 
64,571 
57,408 
91,314 

220,362 
374,780 
446,794 
590,070 
197,984 



5,800 
6,695 
4,636 

8,808 
9,980 

6,525 
6,199 

300,000 
300,000 
308,700 
300,000 
300,739 

5,177 
5,419 
6,176 
6,487 
5,183 

3,975 
5,407 

4,512 

3,600 
3,600 



752,2888997 
235,0988040 
224,065§700 

293,996§845 
397,6498184 

360,1128156 
209,5568600 

1,536,6008000 
1,596,3008000 
1.265,7008000 
1,356.9008000 
1,647,4508000 

1,971.7738243 
2,768,9758251 
1,538,9868612 
3,933.2798978 
5,372,6668099 

449,1438975 
576,5148050 

465,6158190 



43.2138150 
37,5678600 



n . 

33 
53 

arr, 

33 

33 
33 

oit. 

35 
33 
3) 
33 

arr, 

55 
33 
33 
33 

33 
33 



53 



oit. 



129,702 
35,111 
48,329 

33,375 
39,844 

55,182 
33,806 

5,122 
5.321 
4,100 
4,523 
5,478 

380,811 
510,929 
249,179 
606,322 
1,036,598 

112,980 
106,625 



113,192 



12,003 
10,435 



48 

Table showing the Average Price, 



(, the Value, and the 
Countries from the 



Articles. 



Years. 



Spirits. 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



Cotton... 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



Sugar (white) 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



Sugar (brown) ... 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



Coffee... 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



Hides (salt) 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 



49 



Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports — continued. 



PEKNAMBUCO. 



Average 
Price. 



Value. 



Quantities. 



360 
394 
445 
351 
275 

88037 
88247 
73851 
10$348 
16$861 

3$489 
4$312 
38656 
33061 
2g967 

2g455 
2g669 
28308 
2S040 
13796 

58334 
68831 
7$298 
58622 
78864 

68537 
7S726 



217,0383019 
281,6353640 
204,2733460 
172,3188120 
145,8778620 

670,7628230 
1,078,4923360 

624,8253626 
1,207,864^057 
4,327,9748383 

4,502,777^048 
2,947,9543880 
2,133.400S096 
3,915,4348149 
2,955,0898230 

7,950,3838304 
5,705, 509g800 
3,720,8748331 
6,331,1868261 
4,297,5658926 

1,8673144 
2,9513100 
1,0433647 
3,643$435 
1,6983702 

552,0328648 
850,8453020 



can. 
5? 
?? 
>? 
?? 

arr. 
?) 
?? 

J5 
?? 

5? 
55 
5? 
J5 
5? 

?5 
5? 
?? 
5 5 
?? 

?> 

?) 



602,682 
714,443 
458,476 
491,033 
529,222 

83.457 
130,765 

79.586 
116,718 
256,649 

1,290,393 
683,636 
583,419 

1,279,056 
995,847 

3,238,323 
2,220,346 
1,611,715 
3.103,242 
2,391,858 

350 
432 
143 
648 
216 

84,443 
110,118 



E 



50 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the 

Countries from the 



Articles. 



Years. 



Hides (salt) 



Hides (dry) 



Diamonds 



Tobacco (in leaf) 



Tobacco (in twist) 



Oold in dust and bar 



1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



51 



Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports — -continued. 



PERNAMBUCO. 



Average 
Price. 



Value. 



Quantities. 



(38674 
,58184 
4$o77 

68605 
12§622 
93688 
6S207 
4$525 



38500 
3§603 



582.8403932 


n°. 


87.321 


570,9118130 


55 


110,122 


47L1148899 


}j 


102,919 


1.347so29 


arr. 


204 


19,1868240 


;) 


1,520 


32.2138540 




3,325 


7,7848040 


3? 


1,254 


29,4378150 


1? 


6,505 



2978500 

c • a 

1,4478200 



oil. 



35 
402 



E 2 



52 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the 

Countries from the 



Articles. 


Years. 


MAEANHAO. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Cotton 


1858- 59 

1859- 80 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


7$901 
7$684 
68928 
9S808 
178385 


1,825,189$577 
1,850,098$859 
1,440, oz i^vbi 
2,062,360§057 
4,006,5468472 


1, 


Hair ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 








Cocoa ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 




... 




Hides (salt) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

X <D\J\J — O X 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


7$208 
8§566 
7$294 
5$561 
5$672 


310,563$460 
372,648gll0 
341,219$316 
235,934$800 
288,1603730 




Hides (dry) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 




... 
... 

... 





53 



Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports — continued. 



MARANHAO. 


PARA. 




Quantities. 


Average | 

Price. | 

j 


Value. 


Quantities. 




arr. 230,993 
240,777 
207,954 
210,259 
230,451 

• • » 
... 

arr. 43,083 
., 43,502 
46,781 
42,423 
., 50.801 

... 


7$260 
88762 
6$823 
88445 

16S237 

. 

4$801 
5$943 
6g233 
68230 
58495 

3S848 
4g829 
5gl53 
38888 
28792 

38515 
28552 
48198 
3$666 
28924 


15,8328375 
15,4668494 
14,6228375 
29,5498625 
79,3338937 

... 
• • • 

1,180,9548038 
1,286,5058984 
1,475,7998029 
1,265,7438483 
1,369,5318273 

177,0378085 
201,5638755 
116,5848220 
98,5018080 
106,5468130 

164.3918750 
367,232S408 
153,8688600 
290,6268520 
120,338$760 


arr. 1.906 
1,765 
2,143 
3,499 
„ 4.880 

... 

245,938] 
216.460 
„ 236,762 
„ 203.155 
263,611 

„ 46,000 
„ 41,753 
22,622 
„ 25,333 
„ 38,151 

n Q . • 46.761 
„ 143,860 
36,645 
54,721 
41,141 



54 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- 
tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries 
from the Principal Ports — continued. 









PARA. 


Articles. 


Years. 


Average 


Value. 












Price. 


Quantities. 


\j? Ulll Hade 11L 


1858- 


-59 




1 880 991 ^988 


arr. 


116,354 




1859- 


-60 


193952 


3,402,3358253 


99 


170,522 




looU- 


-61 


173432 


2.863,9463576 




164,235 




loDI- 


-62 


15$967 


2,408,8953784 




150,865 




1 o o o 

1852- 


-63 


153846 


3,233,3863738 


„ 


204,046 


Sarsaparilla 


1858- 


-59 


23S304 


69,4938924 




2,982 




1859- 


-60 


233423 


74,0638559 




3,162 




looO- 


-61 


243322 


68,9048189 




2,83,3 




lool- 


-62 


213737 


35,3223249 




1,625 




loo2- 


-63 


18$874 


45^9798125 


„ 


2,436 






RIO GRANDE DO SUL. 






JLliUl 


1858- 


-59 


73797 


207,4638978 


arr. 


9ft ft04- 




1859- 


-60 


83959 


261,3878359 


5? 






1860- 


-61 


103240 


257,9468000 


5? 


25,188 




1861- 


-62 


98369 


258,7398017 


55 


27,616 




1862- 


-63 


83621 


257,1758330 


?5 


29,830 




1858- 


-59 


73950 


1,094,6058079 


n°. 


137,683 


1859- 


-60 


148000 


1,989,1063000 


3? 


142,079 




1860- 


-61 


53376 


2,135,5768850 


arr. 


397,184 




1861- 


-62 


43592 


1,753,3038600 


53 


381,755 




1862- 


-63 


33575 


1,424,0478920 


35 


398,283 


Hides (dry) 


1858- 


-59 


68901 


2,269,9188545 




328,879 




1859- 


-60 


88388 


2,207,5193240 


3> 


263,162 




1860- 


-61 


118131 


2,084,5143371 


arr. 


187,271 




1861- 


-62 


83213 


1,798,1568250 




218,940 




1862- 


-63 


63751 


1,836,4798000 


35 


271,991 



55 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- 
tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries 
from the Principal Ports — continued. 



Articles. 


Years. 


S. JOSE DO NORTE. 


Average 
Price. 


Value, 


Quantities. 


Hides (salt) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


8$327 
11 $603 
108509 

8S546 
78720 


1,046,3998208 
2,282,4078098 
1,821,2158422 
2,063,3968971 
1,530,2018323 


n°. 125,649 
„ 196,685 
173,289 
„ 241,425 






SANTOS. 




Coffee ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


48042 
5§446 
58030 
68230 
68047 


3,728,4278267 
7,623,6523300 
6,481,8558679 
8,547,1858928 

8,410,9818025 

• 


arr. 922,293 
„ 1,481,730 
., 1,288,604 
„ 1,371,729 
„ 1,390,804 






PARANAGUA. 




Mate 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


38327 
33766 
2§946 
2S716 

23548 


1,057,6243437 
1,652,8143470 
1,072,0053514 
827,6673273 
1,031,5898362 


arr. 317,843 
„ 438,865 
„ 363,899 
„ 305,340 
„ 404,829 



56 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the 

Countries from the 







PABAHYBA. 


Articles. 


Years. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 




Cotton ... 


18o8-o9 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

X OvJl — U-i 

1862-63 


75642 
7$466 
71142 
9S740 
148963 


1,193,4435736 
1,654, 107$000 
1,273,233§152 
1,791,3138503 
3,021,124$036 




Sugar (brown) ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1 OOl — 

1862-63 


28038 
15965 
1$822 
1S513 
15323 


1,630,8205000 
1,639,3365658 

738,6585800 
1,123,7038000 

821,1208250 




Coffee ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 
186^-63 




• . • 




Hides (salt) 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 
18Q2-63 




... 

... 
• . . 





57 



Quantities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign 
Principal Ports — continued. 



PAR AH YB A. 



Quantities. 



CERA. 



Average 
Price. 



Value. 



Quantities. 



arr. 



156,151 
221,557 
178,267 
183,900 
201,899 



„ 800,075 
„ 833,918 
„ 405,194 



„ 742,545 
„ 620,270 



78080 
7S688 
78148 
93224 
I4S898 



28066 
13954 
2g011 
18847 
13622 



58107 
5$110 

5$837 
6S360 
6S976 



526,206$715 
596,4858920 
419,8108372 
470,4798800 
659,2348960 



407,6138243 
287,3838040 
193,0898440 
211,6618620 
248,328^960 



200,287^515 
288,3888900 
257,693$680 
940,8768560 
1,031,0058140 



arr. 

5? 

?? 
79 



74,324 
77,581 
58,728 
50,785 
44.250 



197,258 
147,083 
95,972 
114,595 
153,085 



39,216 
56.430 
44J46 
147.939 
147,777 



6S663 
7$576 
63344 
6§437 
5$492 



144,9348229 
158,8598200 
327,6598540 
372,9488080 
292,8988100 



21,751 
20,970 
47,181 
57,937 
53,334 



58 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- 
tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries 
from the Principal Ports — continued. 



Articles. 



Years. 



ALAGOAS. 



Average 
Price. 



Value. 



Cotton 



Sugar 



(brown) 



1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 



: 68868 
6$765 
6$311 
78004 
138198 

2$281 
2$147 
2$287 
18817 
1$650 



1,147,275$439 
1,034,7258878 
823,2518281 
1,914,9478821 
3,737,8088389 

973,567§499 
521.3038627 
442,4818045 
1,035,676$110 
996,4648581 



Quantities. 



arr. 



„ 426,818 

„ 242,782 

*> 

99 



Mate 



Mate 



PORTO ALEGRE. 



1858- 


-59 


3$000 


76,2558500 


arr. 


25,418 


1859- 


-60 


38007 


76,1688400 


99 


25,323 


1860- 


-61 


2$853 


153,5188695 


99 


53,807 


1861- 


-62 


2$571 


128,888$000 


99 


50,115 


1862- 


-63 


28075 


173,9318450 


99 


83,840 



URUGUAY ANNA. 



1858-59 


5$064 


493,0758281 


arr. 


97,363 


1859-60 


38475 


288,873$760 


55 


83,105 


1860-61 


4$498 


204,229$233 


5) 


45,402 


1861-62 


4$498 


347.4648372 


5? 


77,249 


1862-63 


3$236 


88,832$100 


55 


27,445 



59 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- 
tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries 
from the Principal Ports — continued. 







SANTA CATHARINA. 


Articles. 


Years. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Quantities. 


Flour of 

Mandioca 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 
;i861-62 
1862-63 


1S863 
' 2S287 

1S143 
705 
799 


62,456S480 
139,068S400 
102,8338760 
49,4798323 
49,1288980 


alq. 33,524 
„ 60.790 
„ 89.933 
„ 70,124 
„ 61,449 






SERGIPE. 




Sugar 


i 

1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


2S276 
2$476 
28469 
18903 
1$699 


910,6308906 
464,9408412 
212,6698380 
769,2548561 
1,073,5398524 


arr. 399,980 
„ 187,712 

„ <5D,0-1U 

404,092 
„ 631,738 




PJO GRAXDE DO NORTE. 




Cotton ... 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


68713 
6$312 
68179 
10$773 
19$168 


80,6098975 
76,3478061 
9,665§461 
43,191$480 
105,694$520 


arr. 12.008 
„ 12,094 
„ 1,564 
„ 4,018 
„ 5,514 


Sugar 


1858- 59 

1859- 60 

1860- 61 

1861- 62 

1862- 63 


18825 
1$883 
1S876 
1$542 
18359 


325.2398500 
482,8058070 
275,7648800 
124,832§000 
304,245$500 


„ 178.130 

„ 256.388 
„ 146,975 
„ 80,955 
„ 223,745 



60 



Table showing the Average Price, the Value, and the Quan- 
tities of the Chief Articles Exported to Foreign Countries 
from the Principal Ports — continued. 



Articles. 


Years. 


PIAUHY 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Quantities. 


Cotton ... 


1858-59 


6$166 


99,420$360 


arr. 16,123 




1859-60 


7$220 


56,7118500 


„ 7,854 




1860-61 


58994 


66,0308262 


„ 11,015 




1861-62 


7$762 


86,4558887 


„ 11,137 




1862-63 


138612 


87,611^159 


6,436 



61 



I CO 
CO 


CO 


t— i Gi (M Tf< vo CO 


05 


00 O CO 




a O oo ^ oo oo 




CO r-H O 


1 


CM 


OJ -r! O ^ i—i CM 


CO 


00 i - *0 


<M 




4/= <^C/> ^ *£r 3=F£f=? 






CO 
GO 

r— I 




*0 r-H 00 *0 CO CO 


o 


IQ *0 CM 






CO 
CO 


1—1 



CM 
CD 



CD 
00 



as cm co *o »o <m r-H r-H co 

G3 CM X- O CO -f »0 OO r-H vo — I X- 
(MOlHHOCiCOCOOcONQO 

CO- C/> X &=r^&Z&^&=£r-J^ ~fj fj 

X CM Ci CO ^O 00 X- CM CO *0 CM 



I 

o 
co 

CO 



1- IO CO H CO CO TP O X CO c 
"tC5^(MO^W^O *0 Ol — 

m^^-J^^ CO cox= C04£= 

CO CM O CO *C Ci O X I - CO 

r-H r— I i>- r-H 

CO 



o 

as 



02 
CO 



N CO 00 CCH> Tt< H Oi O 00 CO 
X CM OCO»0^(M^ONCOCO 
CO *0 J>- CM CO X CM Jb- O X X r-H 

x x co x co co co co co %o co 

t>~ CM Oi >0 *C rH l> O ! G3 00 
r-H O r-H 

CO 



cc 

X 



»0 N ^ H Ci -f OOOOJO *C 
CO X C*i CM OS X CM *0 O ~T Oi — 
CO iO CM CO O O : O CO 

co=*?co co4*§= =cocococo=/o co 

X- CM X ^ X X- O »C CO CO 
O 



=3 c? 

3-g 



6<J 



o £ c 



MANUFACTURES. 



This branch of industry has been but slowly 
developing itself, notwithstanding the constant 
endeavours of the Government to foster and 
encourage all attempts at establishing manufac- 
tories. Whilst labour continues to be so mucli 
needed Brazil does not studv her true interests 
in creating manufactures which can only be 
looked upon as exotics, to be supported by 
heavy tariffs and burdensome monopolies. 
Brazil is essentially an agricultural country, 
whose rich natural productions are eagerly 
sought for by other countries, which, possessing 
superabundance of labour, can furnish manu- 
factures of every kind, only too glad to receive 
in exchange the overflowing abundance of Bra- 
zilian soils. To the products of his soil the 
Brazilian owes his present wealth, and to his 
soil he must, for many years to come, entrust 
the aggrandisement and development of his 
country. 

In some of the minor manufactures the Bra- 
zilians show much taste and ingenuity, such as 



M A NUT AC TUBE S . 63 

In their feather flowers, in which the varied 
hues of the real flowers are beautifully and 
exactly imitated with the feathers of the native 
birds ; and in their shell and fish-scale flowers, 
in which the petals are formed, in the one case 
of shells, and in the other with the scales of 
fishes. Cushion-lace is largely made in the 
northern provinces ; and also a peculiar kind of 
needlework called crive, made on fine linen, 
threads of which are drawn out so as to leave 
a multitude of square holes, which are after- 
wards filled up with elaborate and elegant 
needlework. 



64 



MONETARY. 

In September, 1864, there occurred in Rio de 
Janeiro perhaps the most extraordinary mone- 
tary crisis which has occurred since the days of 
Law and the South Sea scheme. On the 10th 
of that month there took place the failure of a 
very important private banking establishment^ 
that of Souta & Co., who carried on not only a 
considerable business with the mercantile and 
monied community of Rio, but were also the 
bankers of a large number of tradesmen and 
mechanics, whose earnings were deposited in 
the hands of this well-known and trusted firm. 
On the failure becoming known, an indescri- 
bable panic took place. The streets were 
crowded by persons hurrying to withdraw their 
money from the hands of the private bankers 
wath whom it was deposited, and speedily be- 
came blocked up in the neighbourhood of these 
establishments by a dense crowd, some de- 
nouncing in unmeasured terms the rascality of 
all bankers, some weeping and lamenting, while 



MONETARY. 



65 



others, who were fortunate enough to obtain 
their money, throwing themselves on their 
knees, held it up to heaven within their clasped 
hands, and, abandoning themselves to the ex- 
travagance of their unlooked-for happiness, 
pressed it rapturously to their lips, time after 
time, before they could induce themselves to 
withdraw their treasure from their gaze. 

At length, so great became the confusion 
that the police were ordered out to patrol and 
guard the streets, to quell any anticipated dis- 
turbance of the public peace; which delicate 
undertaking they performed by riding furiously 
up and down the narrow and crowded streets, 
cutting and slashing indiscriminately at every 
one in their way who was not agile enough to 
find a shelter in some adjoining house, and 
severely injuring many of the unfortunates, 
w T ho, whatever their extravagance of gesture 
and manner, had acted with a forbearance which 
would probably find no parallel in any other 
country under similarly trying circumstances. 

The two following days similar scenes took 
place; the depositors, reinforced and increased 
by those from the surrounding country, bore 
steadily and persistently on the private banks, 

F 



66 



BRAZIL. 



and in despite of all the efforts of individuals, 
of .the aid rendered quickly and generously by 
their friends, and of that given by the English 
banks, which, with a view to restore confidence, 
themselves paid the deposit receipts of Gomes 
and Sons, several of these bankers finally suc- 
cumbed in a conflict which no providence could 
have foreseen, and no experience have enabled 
them to withstand. 

While these events were going on, the Go- 
vernment, in order to meet, in some measure, 
the emergenc which was pressing not only on 
the private bankers, but was also beginning to 
be felt by other banks, and by the Bank of 
Brazil itself, using their constitutional power 
under the Bank Act, authorised this bank to 
issue notes to the value of three times its dis- 
posable capital, and finally, the whole commerce 
and credit of the city being paralysed, and the 
panic taking the form of a rapid withdrawal of 
the bullion of the banks, issued, on the petition 
of most of the bankers and chief merchants of 
the place, an order, not only suspending specie 
payments, but even going to the extraordinary 
length of decreeing a suspension of payment of 
all debts for a period of sixty days, during 



MONETARY. 



67 



which time no one could be made a bankrupt, 
-the courts being all forbidden to receive any 
petitions for declaration of bankruptcy, and 
.also decreeing that the broken banks should 
be wound up by commissions, and not by the 
ordinary officers of the law. 

These measures, unusual, and in some de- 
gree unconstitutional, are not to be judged of 
by European standards, for in South America 
there are no kindred great national banking 
establishments interested in the maintenance of 
public credit, which, in case of emergency, aid 
each other to withstand the drain upon their 
coffers, nor are there the rich Exchanges where- 
in sales can be made, or large loans effected, 
on the evidences of credit possessed by banks 
and individuals, so that in case of such a panic 
as occurred here, the Brazilian banks have to 
depend on their own slender resources, for at 
least two months, until recourse can be had 
to Europe for the assistance of a loan, or for 
the bullion requisite to meet the unforeseen 
demand upon the specie in their treasuries. 



77 9 



68 



BANKS OF 







Capital. 
Milreis. 


1 , 


J_>dLlUU UU XJl d/Jil • . . ••• 


T\1A flp .Ton PITH 


QQ 000 000 




lii'inpii it" 


Pali in 

JL J il J. ; i cl ... ... 


... 




;> ?5 ••• 


Pprn q m 1m pa 

_L Cl lldlll «J IIL/Vj .«• 


... 






TVT n rn n h an 








Para 

| JL dl d ••• ••« 






5? 5? 


Ouro Preto 






>> J? 


T?in rirondp dn Ssnl 

JLVIU VJTldLlLlLv LIU >OLll 


... 




>» )> 


Si Paulo 


• • • 




r^nnpn /In T^olnn 

-iJctliLvJ vld JLJ'dllicl. • » ••• 


Pali in 

JL/cllilcl ... ... 


8 000 000 




Tv n v r» H'inpn rip Pprnnm. 

i.1 U\U JLIcl Il^U Uc JL Cl lldlH" 






Vm o n 


T^pvn iimliii pr» 

XCllicllllUUL/Vj ... 


9 000 000 




Konpn /In n/l qt»£iti n an 


i\T nvaniN an 

xticll d 11 1* dU ... 


1 000 000 




r£nnpn T?nvnl p TTx'iinTli P- 








L/dl 1U ••• ... ... 


T\ i n hp .Tniipirn 

IViU vlC tJ dilCli U ••• 


^ fS ooo a po 




Pondon and Brazilian 






"Rank 

_L1 cl 1 1 IV • • • ... ... 


Ditto 


1 S ^°i^ 




nTQ'nr'li nf 
. « Ul dllL/11 tlL •*• 


Pali in 

\-J Cl 11 1 cl ... ... 


... 






Pernambueo 








Pin ri-rflnflp rln Sinl 

lHv VJT1 clllvlC vl L> \ ' Li 1 


• • . 




Brazilian and Portuguese 

JL/ *- Utilll Ll 11 till VI -JL. V/ ACL* LA V_ UV 








Bank 


Pin dp .Tan pirn 

JLVlVJ' Ll L t/ tlllCll KJ • «• 


cS 888 8S8 




"Ron nr\ IVTnno CA/T^d-rcMYrYt* 
JJclliLU JLYldUct ^IrJL VJTltri^Ul 








and Po 


P)iftn 


G 000 000 




Softiftflaflft Oommprfiial 


Paln'a, 






\_yUJll Udllllld vyUIli illvjl Lldl. » • 


T^ittn 

JL/ILLU • • • • • « 






Reserva Mereantil 


Ditto 






Hypothecaria 


Ditto 






„ Economica 


Ditto 


• * • 




„ de Economias ... 


Ditto 






Caifa Commercial das 








Alagoas 


Alagoas ... 






Banco do Rio Grande do 








Sul 


Pio Grande do Sul 


1,000,000 





BRAZIL. 



69 



Capital, 



Paid up. 
Milreis. 



Reserve Fund 



Issue. 



Milreis. 



Acturl. 
Mil re's. 



Authorised. 
MiireiF. 



Guarantee 
Fund. 



Milrei 



33,000,000 



1,552,092 



25,416,940 |41,131 ; 155 15,565,577 



4,000,000 


48,080 


2,000,000 
750,000 


108,280 
58,701 


8,000,000 


1,000,000 


4,622.200 

444,444 
888,880 
444,444 




4,444,444 - 




6,000,000 
5,547,900 
2,480,000 
2,209,600 

875,300 
2,683,503 

829,955 


304,288 
32,346 
55,468 
88,190 
14,322 

187,287 
418 


243,000 


12,160 


600,000 


17,462 



950,000 
376,000 



• •• 
••• 



2,582,911 
468,027 



2,586,660 

1,486.000 
376.000 



71 



COMMERCE. 

The commerce of Brazil is yearly developing 
itself in proportion to the increase in her agri- 
cultural wealth, and such is the desire of other 
countries to obtain her products, that the de- 
mand seems limited only by the production. 
The chief articles which she exports are cotton, 
coffee, sugar, tobacco, cacao, gum-elastic, hides, 
rum, furniture and dye-woods, hair, nuts, gums, 
resins, balsams, diamonds, gold, &c, &c. 

The principal imports are flour, wine, cotton, 
woollen and silk goods, linens, fancy goods, 
machinery, iron, coals, &c, &c. 

The countries which have the largest trade 
with Brazil are England, United States, France, 
and Portugal. 



72 



Imperial Exports for 1862-63 compared with 1853-54, 





Total 






Destination. 


IoDo-04:. 


±002-00. 




X>IllloIl X OSStJSfelOIlfef . 


94 Q03 49Q 


4£ 947 ^9*74tf?Q ■; 




X-/ 11 ^11 ft 11 \y LidjLLLiKjL ui 




15,985,7248229 




t-4 vflnrtn Mac? c? a o c; i a n c? 

XienCil X ObiScbSKJllb.. 


a 1 1 a i 4^ 


1 ^ 44ft ^99Q1 7^ 




X 01 LUiiUefte rUsoco- 








S10DS ... ... 




7 7f>9 R9^^fi9^ 




unneci oiaies ... 




10,^0O,l 1 / ^OOi 




XVlvt.1 J. let It? ... 








flhilp 




Qfil 0^1 ^439 




T)pn rnavl' 

_L» Cll IHui i-V ... . . a 


9 09,^ 909 




plnrm ni 
XX^AgLLlill ... ••» 


I.OU / jC/Oo 


1 043 7^3001 7 




1 — 1 m i ^' a 1 a urn c? 

XldLlbo XOWIlft ... 




-r a^A T^Ad* t 1 q 




Spain ... ... 


£I4£ A7Q 


2,347,471§910 




Sweden 


1,681,673 




liussia 


113,093 


591,557^070 




Sardinia 


679,856 


571.219$256 




Austria 


2,710,087 


374,395$650 




Turkey 


116,242 


366.6688000 




Mediterranean 


... 


701,Y38|000 




Mexico 




135 5 800gOOO 




For consumption ... 




69^930.3505 




Holland 


102,950 


117,851$081 




Africa 




441,8638168 




Ports not specified... 


848,490 


522,39o$990 




Total 


76,842,493 


122,479,997$604 





73 



and showing the Imports at each Port in 1862-63. 





Rio de Janeiro. 


Bahia. 


Pernambuco. 




9,194,2038688 
12,181,8228912 
10,333,5208652 


I 

10,147,8878789 
974,8228946 


4,013,9878626 
1.254,6528677 
986,6148765 




1,734,9668743 
9,696,039g860 
1,611,9298642 
85,1808100 
912,7348400 
945,4978950 
1.408,7658970 
220,4538700 
1,913,5128400 
591,5578070 
339,2568430 
374,3958650 
366,6688000 
701,7388000 
13o,8008000 
62,6638047 

• • • 


1,464,8718946 
471,3588375 
483,6978315 

3,184,2718697 
183,7108004 
361,7308942 

198,3078826 

c • • 

• • • 

• • • 

116,8458081 
441,8638168 


1,863,7458866 
1,277,3998591 
1,509,0728231 
451,0678000 

... 

! 

1,037,1188172 
72,2288568 
• • « 

... 

5,6918270 
2078000 




52,810,7068214 


18,029,3678089 


12,471,7848766 



74 



Imperial Exports for 1862-63 compared with ] 853-54, 



Destination. 


Maranhao. 


rARA. 




British Possessions. . 


3,126,2oo$l79 


l,929,7lo$488 




English Channel ... 








Jbrench Possessions.. 


206,634$810 


l,32o,649S738 




Portuguese Posses- 






sions 


l,131,850$96o 


576,631$038 




United States 


209,4309960 


1 / " . ^ ~\ -1 M tar <. /~\ i tar 

1,633,177$84< 




River Plate 


... 


... 




Chile 


... 






Denmark ... 


• • • 


... 




.Belgium 


... 


... 




Hanse Towns 




74,140$860 




Spain 


47,829b6o0 






Sweden 




— 




Russia 


• . • 






Sardinia 




33,655S000 




Austria 






Turkey 


... • 






Mediterranean 








Mexico 








For consumption ... 


• • * 






Holland 




799$000 




Africa 








Ports not specified... 








Total 


4,722,0018564 


5,573,768$97l 





75 



and showing the Imports at each Port in 1862-63 — cont. 





Rio Grande do 

SUL. 


S. Jose do 
Norte. 


Porto Alegre. 


Uruguayaxa. 




1,381,893$816 

433,9498015 

450,2588660 
1,166,2878190 
195,1898910 

95,1468387 
6678790 
309,7978100 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 


1,720,9668150 

79,8848310 

20,057$760 
3,879$960 
9,6108400 


1,7408104 
203,4968700 


• • • 

• • a 

• • • 

• ■ • 

168,7958916 

• • • 

• ♦ • 

• • • 

• • • 


4,033,1898868 


1,834,3988580 


205,2368804 


168,7958916 



( b 



Imperial Exports for 1862-63 compared with 1853-54, 



Destination. 


Santos. 


Paranagua. 




British Possessions 
English Channel 
French Possessions 
Portuguese Possessions. 
United States ... 
River Plate 

Chile 

Denmark 
Belgium 

Hanse Towns ... 
Spam ... 
For consumption 
Ports not specified 

Total 


6,478,686$235 

363,8538458 
306,6958000 
624,5528400 
... 

» » o 

380,6648701 
256,943$643 
1,5768188 
... 


• . . 
... 

677,0228310 
396,8648861 




8,412.9718625 


1,073,8878171 


Destination. 


- 

Alagoas. 


Sergipe. 




British Possessions 
English Channel 
French Possessions 
Portuguese Possessions . 
River Plate 
Denmark 
Spain ... 
Ports not specified 

Total 


4,158,7208566 
475,4338839 

35,4088428 
39,515§572 

56,3818942 
i 


867,8878921 

118,3398220 
6,5088800 
113,6448353 


<3 


4,765,4608347 


1,106,3808294 



77 



and showing the Imports at each Port in 1862-63 — cont. 





Antonina. 


Parahtba. 


Ceara. 


Santa 
Catharina. 




... 


2,648,8908201 
514,6308000 
317,3573092 


1,244,3803720 
691,2963880 
345,9988620 


2,8073202 




156,8443292 


165,1448519 


... 


10,8463980 
90,6053599 




• • • 


... 

251,9128949 


2,2593500 


3,1088680 
» • • 




184,7838763 


3,897,9348761 


2,283,9358720 


107,3683461 




Espirito Santo. 


Kio Grande do 
Norte. 


PlAUHT. 


Mato Grosso. 




52,5283440 


... 

472,6088910 


144,8643491 
78,2363744 


49,7878080 




52,528,3440 


472,6083910 


223,1018235 


49,7878080 



BirERiAL Exports to 



Whence Exported. 


1S57-58. 


1858-39. 




Rio de Janeiro... 
Baliia ... 
Pernambuco 
Maranhao 
Para 

Pio Grande do Sul 

S. Jose do Xorte 

Porto Alegre ... 

Uruguayaua 

Santos ... 

Paranagua 

Antonina 

Parahyba 

Ceani ... 

Santa Catharina 

Alagoas 

Sergipe... 

Espirito Santo... 

Bio Grande do Norte ... 

Piauhy... 

Mato Grosso ... 


44,421,6098 

13,419,612$ 
14,259,269$ 
2,770.627s 
3,549,631$ 
3.294,6918 
1, 169,023s 
57,665$ 
295,046$ 
6,2 7o,7o7$ 
1^898,0198 
92,9628 
3,139,7348 
1,141.0878 
127,6728 
2,121,2048 
715,163$ 

374,903$ 
73.0518 
47,7288 

j 

_ 


658S 
51,974, 597? 

lo,46o. 58 - 8 

14,00o. 967s 

2,454, 4? 

M p200S 

3, /o3, v 

1,074, 163 $ 
' 61,618$ 

2.897! 876s 
1,291,953$ 

120,3418 

2,248,7898 

929,1778 

422,1078 
130,2278 
23,750S 




Total 


96,247,463$ 


106,843,1808 





79 



Foreign Countries. 





1859-60. 


1860-61. 


1861-62. 


1862-63. 




57,592,6398 


79,083,786s 


57.845.0118 


i 52.810.7063 




10,822,9448 


8,422,9868 


16,791,101$ 


I 18,029,3678 




11,105,8188 


7,444,5348 


12.339,8598 


! 12,471,7858 




2,511,211S 


2,049,4848 


2,757,9128 


4,722,001$ 




5,912.8608 


5.341.3048 


4,604.1378 


5,573,7698 




4,880,8738 


4,894,4908 


4,342,677S 


4,033,1903 




2,410,0678 


2,195,2108 


2,471,9978 


1,834,398S 




94,5248 


210,2068 


291,7758 


205,2373 




415,4983 


282,9778 


417,2528 


168,7963 




7,633,6108 


6.486.0278 


8,549,3698 


8,412,9723 




1,666,3818 


1,124,034$ 


S56M6S 


1.073.8873 




63,8068 


78,9498 


118,4528 


184,784$ 




3,355,3013 


2,030,760S 


2,969,7418 


3,897,9358 




1,356,572S 


1,254,9843 


2,032,1248 


2,283,9363 




909 Al A<Z 

ZUZ,^±JL4:0 






1W .0000 




1,606,0648 


1,317,9693 


3,011,4543 


4,765,460$ 




479,4973 


222,0073 


788,688$ 


1,106,3808 










52,5283 




678,1113 
133,4383 


328,0748 


195,2088 


472,6098 




198,8958 


201,8393 


223.1018 




36,344$ 


62,1133 


. 51,6228 


49,7878 




112,957,9723 


123,171,1633 


120,719,9423 


122,479,9968 



80 



Imperial Exports to 





lor.- r.Q 






Spirits 




no 1 A A f> d> 

921,442$ 




Cotton ... 


6,6oo,32 IS 


5,624,097$ 




Sugar (white) ... 


8,393,9603 


7,905,083$ 




Sugar (brown)... 


14,311,851$ 


19,761,780$ 




Hair 


341,1278 


413,911$ 




Cocoa ... 


1,655,815$ 


1,320,119$ 




Coffee 


43,502,851$ 


50,138,253$ 




Hides (salt) 


4,185,589s 


3,957,434$ 




Hides (dry) 


2,925,374$ 


3,244,041$ 




Diamonds 


2,308,500$ 


3,049,965$ 




Tobacco 


2,374,307S 


3,046,636$ 




Gum Elastic ... 


1,243,3608 


1,884,522$ 




Rose Wood 


527,048S 


614,995$ 




Slate 


2,304,066$ 


1,749,335$ 




Gold (in dust and bar)... 


703,583$ 


840,464$ 




Other articles ... 


3,496,348$ 


2,371,103$ 




Total 


96,247,463$ 


106,843,180$ 





SI 



Foreign Countries — continued. 



1859-60. 



1860-61. 



1861-62. 



1862-63. 



570.486S 
6,432.5728 
4.049,0088 
1.1,672,251$ 

364.5968 
1,456,2768 
60.238,4378 
6,653.8718 
3.342,1315 
3,132,0008 
4,022,4558 
3.419.0388 

964,4338 
2,115.0438 
1,402,0318 
3,123,3448 



112,957.9728 



660,5448 
4,682,1418 

11,055,6798 

376.2968 
1,681, 079S 
79,663,552S 

9,090,3358 

3,772.3008 
2,382,5678 
2.910,5318 
653,6908 
1.673,1448 
1,629,2908 
2,940.0158 



858.3718 
7,786,1518 
7,399,6308 

15.936,1698 
345,0138 
1,442.0598 

58,746.9938 
5,852,7518 
2,833,7708i 
4,241,2488' 
4,878,6198; 
2,438,1598: 
927,8378; 
1,404,3768 : 
2,121,3991 
3.507.3978 : 



819,2318 
16,817,8088 
7,006,4008 
12,274,6278 

318.9328 
1,578,937$ 
56,574,9358 
4,834,589$ 
2,415,845S 
4,116,1758 
6,202.0108 
3.275,9138 

782,0578 
1,514,781$ 

777,6258 
3,170.131 



123,171,1638 



120,719,9428122.479,9968 



G 



82 



Table of Chief Articles of Importation. 



Articles. 


1st renod. 

1 C X O XQ n -n ^ 

100--D0 ana. 
1856-57. 


1 

2nd Period, 
loo < -Do ana 
1861-62. 


1862-63. 


Average Value. 


Average Value. 


Oils 


blo,oZo$ 


1 ,UUo, 1 ozb 


yjo, < 000 


r lsii 


O QQQ Q 1 ~ Q 




i ion ^ c» 
l,-+by.OO^b 


Spirits ... 


t I0O0 


l,0-^U,4o / b 


1,40 / ,4 < lo 


Shoes and boots 




i ^at q^a^ 
l,ou / ,Z / Ub 


1 ,.:o0,l 10b 


Meat 


l,0oU,U44o 


4.b^y,o * Ub 


o,4y / .4000 


^oai ... 


IjOO 1 5OOW0 


Z,-± 4:0,4:0^0 




Leather 


coo £'^aq 


OOl, i Uob 


975,066$ 


Drugs 


l,UUo,^ooo 


1,0 j^,4uyo 


yyy,oiup 


\\ neat nour 


4.0U0, 14 1 


o,ouy,oooo 


4.y^^.oJ < b 


Iron goods 




/? 1 QQ Al OO 

0,loo,UUb 


C OA*" O ^ C 


Iron 




l.OUOjOOyp 


l,4ou, / Zob 


Earthenware and 








glass 


1,757,3528 


1,818,360$ 


1,841,750$ 


Machinery 


00/: 1 nn^ 


/ 2i,y Ub 


c ""A no , "o 


jtsuttei ... 


ijOUi } yo-±5 




2,206,3268 


Manufactures — 






Cotton 


iy,loO,o / Do 


QO QQO 1 Tl Q 

oi,ooi, 1 / lb 


io.oZ < ,4U ( b 


\\ 001 




- QQQ n^-QQ 

0,0^0, 1 i ob 


o.yb / ,Uoyb 


Linen 


z.o / 0.0000 


O *7*7R QQAO 


i O 1 *" A QA*"*C? 

I z.i/U.oy/b 


Silk 


2>36' ; 480S 


3,175,6488 


2,187,718$ 


Mixed 


4,022,984$ 


2,813,3718 


2,486,071$ 


Gold and silver 


money 


7,380,0858 


4,780,404$ 


4,388,8878 


Gold and silver 






work 


2,310.049$- 


4,011,4898 


2,298,741$ 


Powder... 


433,8308 


544,4348 


I 601,5958 


Salt 


775,1568 


1,026,1088 


! 1,168.0768 


Wines ... 


3,304,859S 


4,283.9398 


| 4,708,738$ 



83 



Table of Chief Articles of Exportation. 



Articles. 


1st Period. 
1852-53 and 
1856-57. 


2nd Period. 
1857-58 and 
1861-62. 


1862-G3. 




Average Value. 


Average Value. 


- 


Spirits 

Cotton 

Sugar 

Hair 

Cocoa 

Coffee 

Hides (salt) ... 

JLJLH_iCo y^u.i V J ... 

Diamonds 
Tobacco 
Gum Elastic... 

Mate 

Gold in dust or 
bar 


943.8878 
o,46L672$ 
19,204,5378 
415,6468 
758.4728 
43,990,6218 
3,192,5058 
3 9fS4 1 868 

u^-u ij x (J yj o 

3,650,9078 
2,162.3538 
2.330,9958 
1.336,2078 

181,8678 


865,8418 
6.236,0568 
20.097,0828 
368.1898 
1,511,0708 
58,458,0178 

[ 8,417,0598 

3,300.8028 
3,340.9178 
2,379,1228 
1,849,1938 

1,339,3538 


819.2318 

16,817,8088 

19,281,0278 
318,932s 

1,578,9378 
56,574,9358 
f 4,834,5898 
1 9-115 84,58 
4,116,175$ 
6,202,0108 
3^275,9133 
1,514,7818 

777,6248 


Quantities of Articles Exported. 


Spirits 
Cotton 

Sugar ... 
Hair ... 
Cocoa 
Coffee 

Hides (salt) ... 
Hides (dry) ... 
Diamonds 
Tobacco 
Gum Elastic... 
Mate... 

Gold in dust or 
bar 


can. 2,875,340 
arr. 976,037 
„ 8,450,374 
„ 47.690 
219,773 
„ 11,265.529 
lib. 502,796 
am 444,860 
oit. 12,181 
an*. 570,568 
„ 143^,065 
„ 436,946 

oit. 50,390 


2,189.807 
831,997 
8,143,355 
40^614 
260,398 
11,132.679 
594,152 
355.603 
9,707 
525,534 
144.546 
519,193 

369,876 


2,995.186 
1,085,628 
10,121,719 
37,567 
313,152 
8.724,142 
676.562 
384.208 
12,448 
1,140,467 
208.513 
605,179 

198,385 



G 2 



84 



Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, 



From 


Total. 


Total. 




1853-54. 


1802-63. 




British Possessions . . 


46,499,4788168 


50,765,6998972 




Hanse Towns 


o,192 5 313S690 


5,379,3278668 




Belgium 


1,785,8578032 


1,008,1118262 




Portuguese Posses- 






sions 


5,792,749S250 


5,966,1368876 




Sardinian States ... 


657,1258395 


587,5718050 


1 


River Plate 


4,474,0468135 


6,550,5678568 




Imperial Ports 


688,2171763 


907,4028646 




Spain 


686,513$770 


1,854,5518364 




Denmark 


262,1338841 


68,1118384 




Sweden 


245.099S906 


116^6758734 




French Possessions . 


9.955,0978132 


18,382.5748545 




Austria 


674,7918164 


791,9298002 




unneu oiaiefe ... 


OjvOO.iOtJO (DO 


P. f)AA 1 9 3k7£0 
D,Ut:t:, 1 1> Oo / OU 




Holland 


60^0818187 


131,2018125 




Fishery 




2,1568417 




African Ports not^ 








specified ... 
Other Ports not f 


811,7655154 


( 292,3668944 




specified ...J 




\ 224,1958506 




Total 


85.838,753S320 


99,072,7128843 





showing the Import at each Port in 1862-63. 





Rio de Janeiro. 

- 


Bahia. 


Pernambcco. 




25.670,1728415 
1,654,7718643 
472,3678420 


8,614,4338074 
1,165,0968518 
117,0108000 


8,310,3778321 
586,3628710 
105,2548350 




2,195,1628195 
368,5758703 
3,974,1528238 
72,9808863 
751,6388773 
24,7848083 
96,386$173 
10,771.7878290 
390,7138126 

O, 1 / O, 1 LZ^tOl 

* -> t 


1,230,9598742 
127,9658354 
1,291,9158300 
536,9138179 
288,4468230 
4,6358900 
13,5508450 
2,896,3848416 
190,7198750 

91,1678141 
292,3668944 


876,0058931 
37,3158084 

608,6788516 
99,2778580 

229,7438278 
... 

2,888,777.567 
152,6578066 

40,0338984 




49,621,6048383 


17,137,5418742 


15,069,0788405 



86 



Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, showing 



From 


Maranhao. 


Para. 




British Possessions. . 


2,106,6478445 


2,151,5888875 




Hanse Towns 


29.8038480 


148,1868653 




Belgium 


30,7738754 


49,6228206 




Portuguese Posses- 








sions 


358,1398761 


734,9578197 




Sardinian States ... 


, . . 


. . . 




River Plate 








Imperial Ports 


8,3588290 


5,1158312 




Spain 




A X T ~ $ Q Q 

4:0, ( oo.;yoo 




Denmark ... 




9,7488021 




Sweden 








French Possessions.. 


722.5598747 


451,1228017 




Austria 


17,1848560 


11,0348750 




United States 


277,0518615 


863,1828659 




Holland 








Fishery 








African Ports not 








specified ... 








Other Ports not 








specified... 








Total 


3.604,4018928 


4,470,3138653 





87 



the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued, 





Rio Grande do 

SUL. 


Porto Alegre. 


Uruguayana. 


Santos. 




1,014,6028127 
738,9268400 
194,7558703 


40,9858212 
587,2868372 
25,8468925 


• . • 


1,463,0928392 
240,0258039 
6,1328296 




383,4498357 
23,8838290 

101.2868886 
30,6038120 

444,5628650 


26,7988265 
18,7888519 
13,2958491 
10,8338399 


135,1098739 


151,4953940 
11,0438100 
1,1248667 
56,1138337 
28,6093600 
• • • 




467,0308350 
24,2768000 

* • • 


... 


• • • 

• • • 


48,0998401 

lo,Uoogu iU 
... 
... 
. . • 




3,725,5228096 


723,8348183 


135,1098739 


2,018,8038842 



88 



Imperial Imports from Foreign Countries, showing 



From 


Par axagia . 


Ahtohiha. 




British Possessions 
Hanse Towns ... 
Belgium 
Eiver Plate 
Imperial Ports... 
Spain ... 

T~)fiTHTlAT"k 

JL/vilUICU -L*- ... ... 

French Possessions 

Austria... 

Fishery... 

Other Ports not specified 
Total ... 


... 

271,6038673 
31,6778252 

... 

408083 


... 

1,00S8000 




303.5218008 


1,0088000 


From 


Alagoas. 


Sergipe. 




♦V J 

British Possessions 
Portuguese Possessions . 
Imperial Ports... 
Spain ... ... ... 

Denmark 

Sweden ... ... : 

French Possessions 
Other Ports not specified 

Total 


88,334$857 
5298000 
14,4848141 

::: 

4058000 


24.4188712 
8.197S48S 
8,751$O20 
4308800 

11.2438535 
6,7398111 




103,7528998 


59,7808666 



89 



the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued. 





j 

Parahiba. 


Ceara. 


Santa Catharina. 




49,1538370 

1,6748794 
11.4808794 


1,004.4848873 
121,9128159 

13,7158644 

17.699S845 
134,9728671 
5,3438750 


14.1558000 
106,9568694 
6.3488608 
' 152^938058 
9,6388135 

2,1568417 


62,308$958 


1,298.128^942 


291.6478912 

* 




i 

Espirito j Rio Grande do 

Santo. Xorte. 

| 


PlAUHY. 


Mato Grosso. 




3,9528680 
• • • 


... 

4428000 
3,2838900 

. . • 


213,2548299 

- 

308000 
436S086 


1 

... 

223,7928423 


3,9520680 


3,7258900 


213,7208385 


223,7928423 



90 



Imports from 





185 /-oo. 


1858-59. 


lboy-bU. 




Rio cie Janeiro 


69,539,746$ 


68,540,352$ 


60,229,412$ 




.Bah] a 


19,679,5311 


19,464,440$ 


16,205,951$ 




Jrernanibuco... 


24,784,0401 


23,286,o<98 


] 9,492,1108 




Maranhao 


3,631,000$ 


3,949,012$ 


3. 141,352$ 




Para ... 


3,688,6018 


3,946,3648 


4,709,896$ 




Kio Grande do 








Sul 


4,210.0308 


4,530,887$ 


5,206,198$ 




Porto Alegre 


721,602s 


o62A6oS 


68 < ,961b 




Uruguayana... 


849.1028 


361,855$ 


460. i 22.3 




Santos 


40S.o93s 


374.1628 


obi ,532$ 




Paranaguii ... 


150,182$ 


221,332$ 


54^9438 




Anton ina 


5,652$ 


5.131$ 


1,121$ 




Parahyba 


290.38 IS 


247,311$ 


140,249s 




Ceara 


1,103,015$ 


917,0878 


906.06 IS 




Santa Catliarina 


109,0318 


163,068$ 


175,9628 




Alagoas 


376,922$ 


494,0278 


158,491$ 




k.. i LI 1 L/C * « • 




oo 36'?S 


9 7 178s 




Espirito Santo 


1,061$ 


9928 


4698 




Pio Grande do 










Norte 


596,1178 


321,825$ 


511,699s 




Piauhy 


139.0608 


170.4978 


182 ? 9388 




Mato Grosso... 


75,600$ 


108,3718 


167,750$ 




Total ... 


430,440,1738 


127,722,6198 


113,027,9958 





01 



Foeeign Countries. 





1860-61. 


1861-62. 


Average. 


1862-63. 




79 979,8318 


58.^22 8348 


65 909 4358 


49 621,6048 

-X. kJ a V_/ >J JL ^ V_/ W JL V_y 




14 107 5498 


17 385 0008 


17 368 4948 


17 137 5498 




17 4 9 6 0588 

jl i ^ a — * vy «, vy vy 


17 838 3208 


90 565 ^218 


15 069 0788 




2 891.8018 


3 263,4708 


3 375 3278 


3,604 4028 




o / 04 T 4- Pi ;s 

| vy JL ^ | JL KJ Vy 


3 619 3938 


4 333 8008 


4 471 3148 




5,668,6348 


5,140,0648 


4,951,1628 


3,725,522$ 




940,3818 


1,100,642$ 


802,610$ 


723,834$ 




397 847<^ 


^07 6198 


455 4-9QS 


135 1108 

Jl vy V/ ^ Jl Jl Vy vy 




] 374 93i,s 


1 777 9()48 


900 4848 


2 018 8048 

% vy jl w ^ vy vy jl vy 




57,5838 


79,4848 


112,7058 


303,684$ 






4,5378 


3,288$ 


1,0088 




226,9788 


37,0068 


188,3858 


62,3098 




889,364$ 


1,016,6748 


966,620$ 


1,298,1298 




291,886$ 


213,2418 


190,7578 


291,6488 




77,0998 


77,3018 


236,768$ 


103,7538 




15,6088 


47.6128 


45.333$ 


59,781$ 




470$' 


1,989$ 


9968 


3^9538 




209,8888 


28,373$ 


333.5808 


3,726$ 




254,136$ 


257,0258 


200,731$ 


213,720$ 




205,556$ 


213,4018 


154,135$ 


223,7928 




123,720,345$ 


110,531,189$ 


121,088,460$ 


99,072,7138 



92 



Imports from 



— 


1857-58. 


1858-59. 


1S59-G0. 




Oils 


932,9873 


1,087,7498 I 


1,045.924s 


Fish ... 


4.242,183$ 


4,530.545s 


0,OVJc/. W — U£> 




Spirits 


1,251,7978 


1,301,016$ 






Boots & shoes 


1,574,464$ 


1,585,872s 






Meat 


3,134.666s 


4,013.3388 


3,419^2838 




Coal 


1,574.4118 


2,107.4478 


2.120,7068 




Hats ... 


2,000,259$ 


1,706,0158 


1,766.8758 




Leather 


993.6408 


876.173S 


902,8358 




Drugs 


1,329,6038 


1.443,1438 


2,109,580s 




Wheat flour ... 


9,071,278? 


9.705.G34S 


10,685,8628 




Iron o-oods ... 


,5,307,96,58 


6.655.8318 


5,654.007s 




Iron ... 


1,505,3678 
> 


1,482,428$ 


1, 141,724 s 




Earthenware 








and glass ... 


2,368,980$ 


1,892,4518 


1,585,948$ 




Machinery ... 


480.3658 


733,459s 


938,6878 




Butter 


1,892,893$ 


2,323,851$ 


2,359,9878 




Manufactures : 










Cotton 


35,479,684$ 


31,791,8978 


27,514,9788 ' 


Wool 


8.264.2358 


6,059.915s 


5.783.570S 




Linen 


2,968.1308 


2,8G1,796S 


2.986.2188 




Silk 


3.738.5688 


3,606,5548 


3,405,531$ 




Mixed 


3,199,148$ 


3,324.678g 


2,531.6338 




Coin ... 


6.680.5128 


5,849,252$ 


4,045,184$ 


brolcl & silver 








i 


work 


4.917.820$ 


5,995,251$ 


4.123.3348 




Paper 


1.151,7008 


881,5518 


1,029.0598 




Powder 


543.4778 


506.2548 


560.1418 




Clothing 


1,457,094$ 


1.449.544s 


1,635,318$ 




Salt 


1,166.5018 


893,3018 


1,128.7948 




Wines 


3,094,8068 


3,891,2888 


4.710.361S 




Other articles 


; 20,117,6408 


19,166,3868 


' 13,466,373$ 




Total ... 


130.440,1738 


127,722,6198 


113. 027,9958 





93 



Foreign Countries — continued. 





1860-01. 


1861-62. 


Average. 


1862-63. 




993,2168 


965,887s 1 


1.005,1528 


929,7338 




2,725,635! 


1.514,857s 


3,324,4188 


1,489,532s 




1,408,432$ ! 


2,950,344s 


1,620,4378 


1,457,47 Is 




1,479,236§ ; 


1,320,3198 : 


1,507,2708 


1,235,116s 




o,o68,618S 


8,010,944s 


4,829,3 /0s 


5,497,468s 




3,594.3818 


2,805.4658 ! 


2,440,1821 


2,076.342s 




1,437,780$ 


1,373,0918 


1.656.8048 


1,393,021s 




766,853$ j 


769.0148 


861,703s 


975,066s 




1 \ r\/\ \ ,r\ 

1.490,426s 


1.239.^0os 


1.522.4088 


999,610s 




7.285.6133 


5^799,7978 


8.509,6368 


4.922.6278 




7,123,8868 


6,198,3718 


6,188,012$ 


5,207,8868 




1,356,9138 


1,032,012S 


1,303.6808 


1,450,7288 




1.619.4468 


1.624.975S 


1,818.3008 


1,841,7408 




692,8418 


764,209s 


721,912.8 


850,9278 




2,00/ .996b 


1,851, 159^ 


2,087,1778 


2,206,326s 




34,435,5268 


34.938.7688 


32.832,1718 


23.827,4078 




5,116,6748 


3,916,984s 


5,828.2788 


3,967.0598 




2.699,1878 


2,366 0738 


2,776,280* 


2,170,3978 




2,988.0488 


2,139,542s 


3,175.648s 


2.187,7188 




2,213,8198 


2,797,5818 


2,813,3718 


2.486.0718 




5.322,0688 


2,005,0068 


4,780,4048 


4,388,887S 




3.215,7378 


1,805,3028 


4.011.1898 


2,298.7418 




1,206,2738 


1,089.1588 


1,071.5488 


993,495$ 




543,3388 


568.0618 


544,1348 


601,595$ 




1,609,3898 


1,265,9268 


1,483,4548 


1,730,897$ 




812,6718 


1,129.2728 


1,026.1088 


1,168,076$ 




5.557,5148 


4,165,7308 


4,283,9398 


4.708.7388 




18^448,829$ 


14,123,1478 


17,064,4758 


16,010,039$ 




123.720,3458 


, 110.530.189S 


121,088,4608 


'99,072,7138 



94 



Foreign Trade of the Empire. — 



Ports. 



1857-1858. 



Entered. 



Sailed. 



Rio de Janeiro 



Baliia 



Pernambuco 



Maranb ao 



Para 



Eio Grande do Si 



S. Jose do Norte 



Porto Ale gr re 



(Ships 
-(Tons 
(Crew 

( Ships 
■\ Tons 
(Crew 

( Ships 
-{ Tons 
(Crew 



Tons 
(Crew 

( Ships 
. - Tons 
(Crew 

( Ships 
. ~<Tons 
(Crew 

(Ships 

--Tons 

(Crew 

(Ships 
4 Tons 
(Crew 



1,121 
513,103 
14,524 


1,095 
508,598 
14,034 


319 
103,248 
3,831 


326 
106,052 
3,851 


453 
105,111 

5.235 


450 
146.848 
5,313 


83 
21,105 
1,039 


78 
24,520 

836 


102 
28,760 
1,090 


104 

30,394 
1,206 


ill 

10,423 
930 


87 
18,559 
796 


79 
13,210 
729 


78 
18,109 
526 


12 

1,806 
79 


9 

1,240 
67 



Entries of Vessels Inwards and Outwards. 





1858-1859. 


1S59 


-1860. 




1 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




1,157 


1,089 


1.153 


1.212 




oU / ,UoU 




505,834 


522,361 




13,655 


12,305 


14,217 


14,452 




416 


393 


311 


355 








105.221 


122,553 




4,809 


4.758 


3^.647 


4,160 




475 


462 


438 


461 






i.-±<±,yoo 


101.164 


147,380 




5,333 


5,254 


4,823 


5,254 




79 


81 


76 


74 




99 491 




20,515 


26.625 




1,044 


885 


959 


804 




104 


104 


109 


119 




9Q J-1 1 




31,300 


32,047 




1,160 


1,172 


1,279 


1.290 




206 ' 


105 


133 


68 




34,180 


20,878 


27.164 


13,065 




1,641 


700 


1,253 


510 




• • • 


88 




76 






19,199 




16,165 






569 




473 




14 


6 


17 


8 




2,070 


907 


2,418 


1,407 




97 


50 


98 


47 



9G 



Foreign Trade of the Enmire. — Entries 



Ports. 



Uruguay ana 



Santos 



Paranaguii 



Antonina 



Parahyba 



Ceara 



Santa Catliarina 



Al 



agoas 



< Ships 
-\ Tons 
(Crew 

i Ships 
1 Tons 
(Crew 

( Ships 

^Tons 

(Crew 

J Ships 
Tons 
Crew 

(Ships 
rions 
(Crew 

(Ships 
^Tods 
(Crew 

( Ships 
-^Tons 
(Crew 

(Ships 
-^Tons 
(Crew 



1857-1858. 



Entered. 



284 
1,402 
448 

58 
18,469 
499 

45 
15,697 
473 

2 

473 
21 

71 

24,423 
849 

23 
7,966 
283 

39 
8,297 
490 

45 
18,207 
596 



Sailed. 



i / / 
1,413 
312 

65 
20,648 
593 

48 
15,340 
497 



00 i 

39 

70 

24,268 
839 

19 
6,859 
238 

36 
7,416 
425 

48 
19,608 
629 



97 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-1859, 


1859-1860. 


Entered. 


! Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




353 


128 


249 


51 




1,127 


474 


1,607 


381 




370 


1 77 


439 


i \j-± 




66 


63 


105 


110 




20,156 


20,293 


36,465 


39,029 




0\JO 


ooo 








31 


44 


44 


48 




8,281 


12,049 


13,421 


13,778 






4,56 








3 


3 


1 


4 




597 


497 


126 


683 










37 
o / 




72 


70 


77 


75 




22,073 


20,953 


26,252 


25,111 




Olu 


787 








26 


28 


25 


25 




8,571 


9,865 


8,930 


8,946 




321 


351 


311 


315 




52 


50 


45 


44 




15,531 


14,997 


11,518 


10,762 




781 


693 


737 


694 




51 


41 


33 


38 




19,007 


15,285 


13,232 


17,154 




640 


501 


423 


506 



PI 



98 



Foreign Trade of the Empire. — Entries 





1857-1858. 




Ports. 








Entered. 


Sailed. 




C Ships ... 
Sergipe ... ... < Tons 

(.Crew ... 


21 
4,650 
195 


20 
4,392 
185 




rbhips ... 
Rio Grande do Norte -{Tons 

(Crew ... 


15 
5,373 
185 


12 
4,682 
154 




rShips ... 
Piauhv .... ... < Tons 

( Crew ... 


3 

896 
34 


3 

896 
34 




rShips ... 

Total -2 Tons ... 

(Crew ... 


2,886 
911,619 
31,580 


2,729 
960,399 
30,574 




rShips ... 
National ... ... -^Tons 

(Crew ... 


.374 
28,447 
1,556 


270 
27,272 
1,426 




rShips ... 

Foreign rjTons ... 

(Crew ... 


2,512 

883,172 

30,024 
» 


2,459 
933,127 
29,148 





99 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-1859. 


1859-1860. 




-Lntereci. 


bailed. 


Entered. 


bailed. 




34 


35 


16 


18 




6,819 


7,006 


3,216 


3,714 




197 


208 


99 


114 




13 


1 A 

14 


Zo 


27 




3,755 


4.133 


7,961 


8,376 




135 


147 


309 


326 




3 


3 


4 


4 




971 


971 


1,238 


1,238 




34 


34 


47 


47 




3, 1 55 


2,807 


2,861 


2,817 




95(5,017 


956,837 


917,582 


1,010,775 




31,942 


29,666 


30,931 


31,564 




449 


248 i 


325 


143 




27,510 


32,693 


28,610 


25,469 




1,740 


1,635 


1,638 


1,257 




2,706 


2,559 


2,536 


2.674 




928,507 


924,144 


888,972 


985,306 




30,202 


28,031 


29,293 


30,307 



100 



Foreign Trade of the Empire. — Entries 



Ports. 


1860 


—61. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 




Rio de Janeiro ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


1,204 
527,353 
15,651 


1,190 

554,662 
15,507 




Bahia ... ~ 


' Ships . . . 
Tons ... 
^Crew ... 


259 
125,845 
5,170 


292 
134,827 
5,122 




Pernambuco ... ~ 


[Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


381 
154,420 
9,499 


384 
185,106 
9,503 




^ Ships ... 

Maranhao ... ... -<Tons — 

(Crew ... 


73 
19,924 
916 


72 
25,961 
803 




< 
( 


' Ships ... 
Tons ... 
c Crew ... 


131 

36,302 
1,580 


128 
37,835 
1,323 




Rio Grande do Sul... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
'Crew ... 


153 
25,154 
1,337 


76 
15,134 
652 




S. Jose do Norte ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
^Crew ... 


• . . 
... 
• • • 


13,487 
385 




Porto Alegre ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


24 
3,488 
157 


18 | 
3,332 | 
144 





101 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1861-62. 


1862-63. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




1.130 


1,011 


1,040 


846 




407,601 


498,302 


369,323 


441,167 






1 Q 1 A d 


1 Q T 4 A 


1 Z. OAO 




356 


375 


433 


492 




166,566 


173,843 


182,135 


208,747 




o,yoi 




>-? A_TO 


o,4yo 




413 


409 


402 


406 




151,463 


183,465 


147,220 


179,121 






y,±^y 


y, / do 


y,oo^ 




67 


62 


85 


87 




20,645 


23,828 


24,793 


33,067 




Q*7A 
O (K) 


( i o 


1 A X Q 


1 A/1 A 




85 


84 


130 


126 




25,452 


24,292 


36,366 


36,008 




i r\r\f\ 

1,000 




1 Q Q /I 

l,oo4 


i on 

l,ool 




207 


82 


232 


76 




35 640 




36 504 


14 548 




1,758 


677 


1,952 


661 






114 


• • • 


129 




• • • 


25,834 


• 


26,952 






710 


• • ■ 


747 




23 


21 


28 


32 




3,373 


3,406 


4,963 


5,566 




141 


140 


199 


211 





102 



Foreign Trade of the Empire. — Entries 



Ports. 


1860-61. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 




Uruguayana ... - 


"Ships ... 
Tons ... 
[Crew ... 


500 
4,183 
1,193 


234 
2,573 
590 




Santos ... ... • 


(Ships ... 
Tons ... 
[Crew ... 


93 
32,364 
846 


92 
31,780 
842 




Paranagua ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons 

^Crew ... 


31 
9,986 
349 


41 
12,445 
409 




fShips ... 
Antonina ... ... * Tons 

(Crew ... 


2 

431 
21 


3 

683 
35 




rsiiips ... 

Parahyba ... ... kToiis ... 

(Crew ... 


45 
15,832 
551 


40 
14,497 
503 




Ceara ... ... - 


[Ships ... 
Tons ... 
(^Crew ... 


21 

6,295 
233 


20 
6,332 
233 




Santa Catharina ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
^Crew ... 


43 
10,580 
589 


43 
11,750 
558 




Alagoas ... ... •< 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


25 
9,974 
315 


25 
10,266 
315 





103 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1861 


-62. 


1862-63. 




oaiieci. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




116 


24 


223 


25 




boy 


Oil 

211 


1,277 


187 










Uv 




113 


113 


108 


109 




40, / 20 


41,221 


35,414 


36,852 




1 Al O 


1 A/1 1 




°30 

• 




30 


50 


53 


59 




y, loo 


1 1 O'T'7 

14,2 / / 


15} 45 5 


17,485 




2 /y 


^A ^ 
OUO 


496 






3 


• 

8 


2 


10 




£IQA 
OoU 


i,yoo 


357 


2,754 




92 


~±o 


1 7 


QQ 




61 


62 


59 


59 




2i,4yo 


22, 12o 


21,345 


21,302 




/ io 

- 


/ OO 


OOO 


OOO 




30 


30 


32 


30 




o,uo0 


/,989 


8,832 


8,109 




o4o 


OOO 


309 


336 




46 


44 


55 


58 




10,661 


10,995 


14,818 


15,191 




716 


718 


949 


949 




40 


35 


50 


52 




20,477 


17,597 


23,098 


25,415 




531 


454 


710 


768 



I 



104 



Foreign Trade of the Empire. — Entries 



Ports. 



1860-61, 



Entered. 



Sailed. 



(Ships ... 
Senripe ... ... -<Tons 

(Crew ... 


8 

1,480 
65 


1.252 
54 


(Ships ... 
Eio Grande do Norte -{Tons 

(Crew ... 


17 

o,204 
193 


16 
5,032 
148 


\ 

Piauhy ... ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons 
Crew 


23 
3.667 
261 


23 
3,667 
261 


Total ... ... - 


[Ships ... 
'Tons ... 
[Crew ... 


3,033 
992,482 
38,926 


2,765 
1,070,801 
37,387 


National .,, ... - 


[Ships ... 
Tons ... 
[Crew ... 


513 
25,279 
1,935 


305 
31,710 
1,768 


Foreign ... ... - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


2,520 
967.203 
36,991 


2,460 
1,039.091 

35,619 



105 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1861-62. 


1862-63. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




31 


32 


51 


49 




7,039 


7,368 


10,860 


10,751 




183 


197 


298 


346 




14 


14 


1 

ID 


ifi 




4,862 


4,862 


5,346 


5,346 




163 


163 


180 


180 




AO 


9ft 


34 






4,333 


4,333 


5,542 


5,924 




283 


283 


355 


375 




2,793 


2,598 


3,033 


2,697 




938,907 


1,083,128 


943,649 


1,094,492 




43,036 


42,226 


45,852 


42,747 




214 - 


128 


386 


167 




30,215 


27,934 


41,064 


39,682 




1,721 


1,319 


2,389 


1,883 




2,579 


2,470 


2,647 


2,530 




908,692 


1,055,194 


902,585 


1,054,810 




41,315 


40,907 


43,463 


40,864 



106 



Coasting Trade of the Empire. — 



Ports. 



1857-58. 



Entered. 



Sailed. 



Rio de Janeiro 


(Ships ... 
.. ~ Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


1,059 
143,621 
11,036 


1,096 
154,033 
11,528 


Bahia 


(Ships ... 
.. ^Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


352 
47,673 
3,331 


352 
49,145 
3,496 


Pernambuco 


(Ships ... 
.. ^Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


106 
20,952 
1,151 


320 
39,292 
2,890 


Maranhap ... 


(Ships ... 
.. 1 Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


59 
8,480 
587 


64 
8,992 
626 


Para... 


(Ships ... 
.. -{Tons ... 
(Lrew ..> 


57 
21,135 
l,ooz 


— It 

Oi 

22,285 


Rio Grande do Sul . 


(Ships ... 
.. ^Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


154 
28,637 
1,916 


175 

34,786 
2,269 


S. Jose do Norte 


(Ships ... 
^Tons .. 
(Crew ... 


19 

5,505 
333 


12 
2.903 
134 


Porto Alegre 


(Ships ... 

^Tons 
(Crew ... 


70 
11.234 
734 


67 
11,086 
681 



107 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-1859. 


1859-1860. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


i 

Entered. 


Sailed. 




958 


996 


1,016 


1,045 




130,584 


141,550 


141,470 


147,291 




9 489 


10 077 


9 722 


10 053 




403 


374 


362 


335 




53,458 


50,680 


46,180 


48,882 




3 798 


3 530 


3 301 


3,183 




106 


288 


354 


357 




17,672 


34,197 


123,465 


121,704 




1 043 


9 495 


6 009 


6 107 




68 


65 


73 


68 




9,347 


9,148 


10,178 


9,529 




777 


729 


1 092 


958 




50 


52 


67 


64 




22,463 


22,597 


27,592 


27,125 




1.116 


1,114 


955 


9?3 




140 


163 


189 


172 




27,020 


30,262 


41 875 


S3 871 




1,571 


1,578 


2,302 


1,631 




19 


14 


25 


28 




4,862 


3,162 


8.498 


5,681 




312 


143 


391 


263 




67 


59 


92 


107 




11,028 


9,446 


9,162 


18,057 




694 


634 


622 


1.076 



iub 



Coasting Trade of the Empire.— Entries 



Ports. 


185/ 


'-58. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Santos ... ...J 


Ships . . . 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


286 
40,503 
4,654 


221 
28.284 
3,135 


Paranagua ... 

1 


'Ships ... 
Tons 
Crew . . . 


143 
23,468 
1,555 


133 
24,041 
1,455 


Antonina 

1 


'Ships ... 
Tods ... 
Crew ... 


85 
18,633 
1,372 


65 
15,855 
1,194 


Parahyba 


Ships ... 
Tons 

Crew ... 


240 
5,899 
832 


220 
5,687 
734 


Ceara 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


90 
46,076 
2,891 


65 
33.974 
2,260 


Santa Catharina 


Ships . . . 
Tods ... 
Crew . . . 


121 
14,446 
957 


105 
13,122 
795 


Alagoas 


'Ships ... 
Tods ... 
Crew . . . 


206 
28,046 
2,259 


92 
25,510 
1,831 


Sergipe 


[Ships ... 
Tods ... 
Crew ... 


136 
19,708 
1,483 


107 
14,427 

985 



109 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-59. 


1859-60. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




254 
36.841 
4,237 


211 

28,469 
2,943 


223 
38,895 
3,571 


172 
23.902 
2,328 




145 
22,532 
1,530 


83 
5,337 
454 


92 
9,162 
622 


89 
8,275 
573 




75 
15,011 
1,339 


79 
14,410 
1,296 


81 

18,557 
1,359 


94 
19,240 
1,405 




166 
4,782 
658 


167 

5,048 
668 


150 
5,897 
661 


130 
5,311 
574 




95 
54,987 
3,411 


93 
55,227 
3,412 


95 
56,641 
3,530 


36 
55,788 
3,580 




128 
14,886 
1,001 


115 

14,066 
847 


112 
13,722 
941 


102 
13,227 
£53 




152 
24,817 
1,637 


m 

20,896 
1,224 


143 
24,950 
1,718 


97 
24,087 
1,553 




162 
27,314 
1,833 


113 
15,769 
1,107 


156 
26,522 
1,828 


113 

13,565 
922 



110 



Coasting Trade of the Empire. — Entries 







1857-58. 




Ports 














Entered. 


Sailed. 






Ships ... 


51 


45 




Espirilo Santo 


Tons 


4 287 








Crew ... 


423 


358 






'Ships ... 


51 


41 




Rio Grande do Xcrte < 


Tods ... 


10.203 


9,937 




(Crew ... 


990 


946 






'Ships ... 


24 


24 




Piauhy 


Tons ... 


1,469 


1,437 




Crew ... 


160 


161 






Ships ... 


3,309 


3,261 




Total ... 


Tons 


499,975 


501,535 






Crew ... 


38.226 


37,056 





Ill 



• of Vessels Inwards and Outwards: — continued. 





1858-59. 


1859-60. 




"First prpf] 


Sailed 


"Rnf prod 


Sailed. 




45 


44 


36 


34 




O OA A 

3,894 


A 1 ,1 O 

4,143 


3,9/ 1 


3.869 




390 


357 


320 


'321 




47 


39 


55 


53 




9,836 


9,639 


15,486 


15,386 




814 


784 


1,124 


1,120 




36 


36 


37 


37 




3,322 


3,322 


2,989 


2,989 




452 


452 


825 


825 




3,116 


3,059 


3,358 


3.183 




494,656 


477,368 


631,295 


597,779 




36,102 


33,864 


41,192 


38,248 



112 



Coasting Trade of the Empire. — Entries 







1860-61. 




Ports, 












Entered. 


Sailed. 




Eio de Janeiro ... - 


( Ships ... 
<Tons 
(Crew ... 


894 
9,512 


921 

1 9*7 WQO 

10,016 




f Ships ... 
Bahia ... ... -<;Tons 

(Crew ... 


356 

OO, ( OU 

4,654 


300 
2^979 




Pernambuco ... - 


f Ships ... 
Tons ... 
(Crew ... 


313 
5,858 


303 
5,278 




( Ships . . . 
Maranhao ... ... -<Tons 

(Crew ... 


70 
1,008 


65 
939 




•SI 

Para... ... ... 


Ships ... 
Tons ... 
Crew ... 


64 
1,389 


64 
zo,ooo 
1,792 




(Ships ... 
Eio Grande do Sul... sTons 

(Crew ... 


223 
59,094 
3,358 


218 
58,822 
3,075 




(Ships ... 
S. Jose do Norte ... ^JTons 

(Crew ... 


18 

4.383 
202 


14 
4.134 
174 




Porto Alesre ... < 

< 


Ships ... 
Tons 
Crew . . . 


81 

14.077 

852 


81 
14.423 
787 





113 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





3861*63. 

■ 


I 

1862-63. 




Entered. j 


i 

Sailed. 

1 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




7 n 

101,146 
7,513 


117,031 
9,467 


J , U / J 

188,384 
14,473 

• 


i rs Q A 

270,079 
1 17,145 




99,968 
5,928 


Doc 

63,211 
4,195 


44 O 

100,266 
6,141 


Ar/D 

o i y 
59,915 
4,133 




92,510 
5,437 


i U 

85,327 
5,074 


92,418 
5,409 


r> n rj 

84,811 
4,957 




14,111 
1,208 


OU 

12,294 
1,091 


A A 

9,757 
970 


04 

10,125 
1,010 


i 

i 


- 

23,015 
1,995 


OO 

22,926 
1,987 


OD 

26,030 
1,939 


64 
25,583 
1,915 




182 
34,399 
2,175 


196 
36,993 
1,918 


212 
41,387 
2,555 


208 
41,044 
2,107 


i 


17 

4,183 
206 


01 

31 
4,907 
152 


m ** 

4,422 
247 


18 
4,364 
187 


; i 


72 
13,162 
817 


72 
11,787 
767 


62 
10,549 
658 


58 
9,948 
508 



114 



Coasting Trade of the Empire — Entries 



Ports. 


i 
{ 

i 


1857-58. 




1 


Entered. 


Sailed. 

1 




Santos 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
.Crew ... 


39,078 
3 ; 705 


1 58 
22,866 
2,427 




Paranagua - 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
.Crew ... 


1 -20 

X /w U 

19.710 
1,209 


85 
10,131 
676 




Antonnia 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
.Crew ... 


27 
2,905 
199 


30 
2,267 
185 




Parahyba 


f Ships ... 
Tons ... 
^Crew ... 


Q7 
4,796 
432 


82 
3,626 
357 




Ceara 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
k Crew ... 


Q7 

56,625 
3,614 


72 
37,472 
2,123 




Santa Catharina 


' Ships . . . 
Tons ... 
.Crew ... 


86 
714 


81 

ft ' 

655 




Alagoas 


Shins ... 
Tons ... 
.Crew ... 


178 
39,607 
777 


99 
27,230 
1,718 




Sergipe 


'Ships ... 
Tons ... 
,Crew 


145 
25,612 
1,952 


145 
26,189 
1,936 





115 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-59. 


1859-60. 




Sailed 


T^n fcprpd 


Sailed. 




242 


234 


225 


168 




41,664 


40,579 


45,874 


26,223 




4,232 


4,064 


4,190 


2,606 




94 


73 


104 


91 




10,054 


5,398 


10,619 


7,603 




615 


426 


719 


600 




62 


67 


27 


37 




20,016 


19,737 


5,467 


5,562 




1,407 


1,459 


428 


467 




110 


100 


107 


88 




4,955 


4,572 


4,740 


3,934 




514 


476 


519 


423 




81 


74 


102 


92 




51,909 


49,729 


56 893 


56,360 




3,463 


3,311 


3,713 


3,668 




99 


83 


104 


73 




9,764 


8,009 


11,354 


8,136 




832 


667 


873 


624 




169 


85 


189 


137 




35,588 


25,459 


31,684 


25,635 




2,292 


1,515 


2,246 


1,811 




230 


221 


192 


199 




38,122 


37,940 


34,638 


32,207 




2,915 


2,688 


2,609 


2,402 



i 2 



116 



Coasting Trade of the Empire. — Entries 







1857 


.58. 




Ports. 














Entered. 


Sailed. 






Ships ... 


38 


40 




Espirito Santo ... - 


Tons ... 


3,651 


3,879 




Crew ... 


336 


314 




(Ships ... 


66 


58 




Eio Grande do Norte -<jTons 


34,253 


35,397 




(Crew ... 


2,215 


2,426 






[Ships ... 


33 


33 




Piauhy ... ... - 


Tons ... 


4,0/o 


4,0/o 






w Crew ... 


784 


784 






'Ships ... 


3,119 


2,849 




Total - 


Tons ... 


657,728 


555,873 






w Crew ... 


42,770 


38,641 





117 



of Vessels Inwards and Outwards — continued. 





1858-59. 


1859-60. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 




43 
4,374 
390 


40 
4,050 
454 


50 
5,883 
524 


47 
5,615 
488 




96 
56,100 
3,763 


93 
56,105 
3,758 


83 
39,643 
2,456 


76 
39,117 
2,421 




36 
4,600 
914 


36 
4,600 
914 


39 
5,172 
935 


36 
4,676 
905 




3,116 
659.643 
46,616 


3,019 
610,704 
44,383 


3,447 
725,180 
51,705 


3,384 
720,937 
48,377 



118 



GOVEKNMENT. 

Brazil is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. 
The constitution was granted by Pedro L, on 
the 25th of March, 1824, who then took the 
title of Constitutional Emperor and Defender of 
Brazil. It provides for an Emperor, an Imperial 
Parliament or General Assembly, and the right 
of trial by jury. 

The monarch is hereditary, the succession is 
in the heirs of Dom Pedro L, and these failing, 
a new dynasty is to be chosen by the General 
Assembly during the lifetime of the last of the 
race. The new dynasty is to be a native one. 
The Emperor (or Empress, as females are not 
excluded) is the representative and executive 
of the nation. He appoints the officers of the 
army and navy, the archbishops and bishops, 
the judges, the presidents of the provinces, and 
all the other officials of the government. He 
appoints seven ministers who are responsible 
for their acts— namely, of the Empire, of 
Justice, of Foreign Affairs, of Marine, of War, 



GOVERNMENT. 



119 



of Finance, and of Agriculture and Commerce. 
These ministers carry on the administrations of 
the empire, through the officials appointed by 
them, subject to the approval of the Emperor^ 
The Emperor has also the right to pardon 
criminals, and all acts of provincial presidents 
must receive his approval. The General 
Assembly consists of two Chambers, that of 
the Senate, which comprise 57 members who 
are elected for life, and approved of by the 
Emperor, and that of the Deputies, 118 mem- 
bers, who are elected for four years. Both 
houses are chosen by electors, who represent 
every fifteen families, and are themselves 
chosen by other electors, who must possess an 
income of 200$000 per annum. The senators 
receive an annuity of 3600JD and deputies 
2,400#0Q0. 

The General Assembly makes the laws, votes 
the sums for the necessary expenses of the 
Empire, and chooses a new dynasty if neces- 
sary, but all bills must receive the consent of the 
majority in each Chamber, and of the Emperor, 
before becoming law. 

The judges are appointed for life, and are 
removable only by impeachment. The consti- 



120 



BBAZIL. 



tution recognises only two kinds, the first and 
second, namely, juizes de direito ( judges of 
rights), and juizes de relacbes ( judges of 
appeal). But, besides these, there are the 
municipal judges, who take cognizance of civil 
causes, and originate all criminal processes, 
and the Supreme Tribunal, which guards the 
uniformity and justice of procedure in the lower 
courts, and has also jurisdiction over offences 
committed by its own members, those of the 
relacbes, diplomats, bishops, and presidents of 
provinces. The Supreme Court and those of 
relacbes are presided over by the perpetual 
judges, called desembargadores. 

There are also other exceptional judges for 
particular purposes, namely — juizes des feitos, 
juizes do commercio, and Tribunals do Com- 
mercio in Eio, Bahia, and Pernambuco, and the 
two last also in Maranhao. Auditors of war 
and marine, a Supreme Military Tribunal, and 
ecclesiastic judges and relacao for clerical 
causes. 

The population is not exactly known for 
want of accurate enrolment, but, according to 
the best authorities, it is estimated at 9,083,725, 
including about 1.357,416 slaves, and excluding 



GOVEKNMENT. 



121 



about 200,000 Indians, which last are chiefly 
in the provinces of Aniazonas, Para, Piauhy, 
Goyaz, and Mato Grosso, a part of tliem being 
domesticated, while others, especially in Ania- 
zonas and Goyaz, are yet uninfluenced by 
civilisation, and remain almost unknown. 

Xhe population of Brazil consists of three 
essentially distinct races, the European, the 
Indian, and the Xegro ; a proportion of which 
remain pure, but the majority is composed of 
an intermingling of these races in every con- 
ceivable degree. No prejudice as regards colour 
exists in Brazil, and both political and social 
distinction is open alike to white, black, and 
red, many of the chief families priding them- 
selves on their descent from celebrated Indian 
notabilities. 

The religion of the people and of the State 
is Roman Catholic, but ail others are tolerated. 
The Empire is divided into two archiepiscopal 
sees, those of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, and 
into eleven bishoprics, which contain 1,124 
parishes. The patronage of the Church is in 
the gift of the Minister of the Empire. 



122 



BKAZIL. 



TITLES AND ORDERS OF MERIT. 

The Emperor can create barons, viscounts, 
and marquises. There are, besides, four orders 
of merit, the orders of the Cruzeiro do Sul, of 
the Rosa, of Aviz, and of Christo. 

EDUCATION. 

Public instruction is liberally provided for by 
law, and a free school must be maintained in 
every parish. There exist two colleges for 
lawyers, one in S. Paulo, and one in Pernam- 
buco ; two for medical students, one in Rio and 
one in Bahia ; engineering, and military and 
naval colleges ; 21 lyceunis in the provinces, 
and about 2,000 primary schools. 

Few of the free population cannot read and 
write. 

There are also many literary and scientific 
associations and libraries, and in Rio de Janeiro 
is a school of the fine arts. 

The army consists of about 22,000 men, dis- 
tributed throughout the Empire, and of about 
560,000 men of the National Guard, liable to 



MILITARY AND NAYAL ESTABLISHMENTS, ETC. 123 

be called on to serve in case of necessity. 
There are, besides, about 4,000 police. 

The navy consists of 42 vessels of all kinds, 
manned by 3,617 men. Of these vessels, 29 
are steamers, with an aggregate of 4,944 horse- 
power. 

MILITARY AND NAVAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 

There are a powder manufactory near Rio 
Janeiro, a foundry at Ipauema, and arsenals of 
war at Maranhao, Rio Janeiro, and Porto Alegre. 
Arsenals of marine exist at Para, Pernambuco, 
Bahia, and Rio Janeiro. 

LIGHTHOUSES. 



On the coast of Brazil are 16 lighthouses. 



124 



BRAZIL. 



Colonies existing in 1862. 



Provinces. 


Colonies. 


To whom belonging. 


Popu- 
lation. 


Santa Catharina 


JBlnmenau 


Government... 


2,058 


?? ... 


Itajaliy 


55 ••• 


833 


?? ... 


Theresopolis 


5, 


1,282 


5? ... 


Santa Isabel and 






Yargem Grande 


5? 


1,016 


5? ... 


Donna Francisca 


Aided under- 




taking 
Provincial Go- 


3,676 


55 


Angelina 




vernment ... 


207 


5? 


Flor da Silva ... 


Private 


212 


Parana 


Assunguy 


Government... 


85 


> ? ... 


Theresa 


55 ... 


289 


S. Paulo 


Cananea 


55 ... 


67 


Minas Geraes.. 


Mucury 


55 


487 


ii 


Pedro II. 


Aided under- 






taking 


1,219 


Espirito Santo.. 


Santa Isabel 


Government... 


801 


?? * * * 


Santa Leopoldina 


?? ... 


1,130 


55 • • • 


Rio Novo 


55 ... 


433 


55 ... 


Guandu 


55 


• . . 


S. Pedro ... 


Santa Cruz 


Provincial Go- 
vernment . . . 


3,767 


?5 


Santo Angelo ... 


55 


508 


J? 


Nova Petropolis.. 


?5 


612 


,5 


Santa Maria da 


Aided under- 




Soledade. 


taking 


1,403 


5, 


S. Lourenco 


55 


213 


? , ... 


Conventos 


Private 


332 


55 


Estrella 


5, 


294 


Maranhao 


Petropolis 


55 


60 


55 


Santa Isabel 


5> . 


97 



125 



RAILROADS. 

Railroads in Brazil have hitherto been very 
unprofitable speculations, both for the com- 
panies which have made them and for the 
Government which guarantees their dividends. 
For this there are several causes, one of which 
lies in the nature of the country itself. Along 
the ocean the eastern seacoast is in general 
fringed with a narrow belt of comparatively 
low level land, from twenty to one hundred 
miles wide, which offers few obstacles to the 
construction of roads and railways, but, this 
passed, the mountains that gird the elevated 
plateau of the interior, raise themselves almost 
abruptly from the plains below, and give rise 
to engineering; difficulties of the highest order. 
Add to this, that, supported by English capital- 
ists, planned by extravagant engineers, and 
superintended by extravagant employes at ex- 
travagant salaries, they have been constructed 
with costly stations, and with grades, tunnels, 
curves, and ways suited, no doubt, to the great 
speed and traffic of an English railway, but 
utterly incommensurate with the circumstances 
of a new and undeveloped country ; so it is not 



126 



BRAZIL. 



to be -wondered at that these enterprises have 
disappointed and disheartened, not only the 
companies themselves, but also the Government 
and people of Brazil, among whom they have 
unfortunately created a fear and horror of the 
English svstem of construction. 

Another great drawback to the prosperity of 
these lines, and, indeed, of Brazil in general, is 
that entailed on the country from former vears, 
when large grants of land were made by the 
kings of Portugal for services rendered to the 
State, and thus the at present most valuable 
and accessible parts of the country are in the 
hands of a few large landowners, who (with some 
exceptions) are unwilling either to colonise or 
sell any portion of their large domains. 

Aware of this, the companies egregiously 
erred in not stipulating with the Government 
for a law of disappropriation to oblige the 
landed proprietors to sell or surrender to them 
all the land within a certain distance along the 
road, thus to open it to the immigration and the 
enterprise which would gladly take advantage 
of the facilities of railroad communication to 
settle and cultivate the land along the lines, 
furnishing:, by their labour and consumption, 



FINANCES. 



127 



the traffic necessary to give a fitting return for 
the funds invested, and to relieve the Govern- 
ment from the incubus of the payment of the 
guarantee of dividend. 

In this little difficulty was to be apprehended. 
The Government and statesmen of Brazil are 
too enlightened not to have long been fully 
alive to the evils resulting from the ancient 
grants, and, while rightly unwilling to take 
away the vested rights of the donatories, would 
gladly have availed themselves of any project 
by which, while giving to the latter just com- 
pensation for their loss, large tracts of land in 
most favourable situations would be afforded 
for the encouragement of the emigration of the 
working and farming classes of Europe. 

FINANCES. 

The Imperial revenue is derived from import 
and export duties, stamp and other excise taxes, 
house and other taxes in the municipality of 
Eio de Janeiro, produce of the Government 
gold and diamond mines, and other minor 
sources. The collections are made through 
the various custom-houses of the provinces, 



128 



BRAZIL. 



and by officers in each province appointed by 
the general Government. The receipts and 
collections made are paid into the Imperial 
treasury of each province, and are subject to 
the orders of the Minister of Finance. 

The Government owned (December, 1863) 
1,481 slaves, and 28 large estates, together with 
about 50,000 cattle, horses, mules, &c. From 
want of proper management these estates yield 
but little revenue. In July, 1864, 840 of the 
Government slaves were set free by order of 
the Minister of Justice. 



IMPERIAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 





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134 



Imperial Revenue 







1859-60 




Rio de Janeiro 


18.293,733$919 


17,407,6518207 


I 


Bahia ... 


5,319,860$497 
6,82o,2l7$84< 


4,067,9198317 




Pernambuco ... 


0,368,0948370 




Para 


1.285, 9953450 


1,490,1638402 




Maranhao 


1,274,7958669 


990,3888422 




Rio Grande do Sul 


1,446,4923258 


1,585,7788558 




Santos ... 


473,9303313 


625,7343188 




Porto Alegre ... 


360,7978907 


340,6278529 




Ceara ... 


375,2178887 


346,6483258 




Alagoas 


217,6153586 


115,6193183 




Parahiba 


275,6668596 


225,8518056 




Paranagua 


112,7623370 


123,4563414 




Uruguayan a ... 


173,1203233 


147,4363372 




Albuquerque ... 


41,521$557 


54,0533626 




A v p o n i n 

JXl CvV^dJ LI ... ... 


121 135SlfS8 


fft 9Q08494 




Santa Catharina 


69,0938860 


83,5523016 




Parnahiba 


67,6453217 


71,7393108 




Rio Grande do Norte ... 


134,9893575 


211,9413602 




Espirito Santo... 


21,085$467 


23,150§449 






36,890,6373376 


33,349,0953495 





135 



DERIVED FROM COMMERCE, 



1860-61. 



1861-62. 



1862-63. 



1st half of 
1863-64. 



22,171,321$483 20 
3,622,4653813! 5 
4,403,796$09l' 6 
1,921,235$817 1 
977,4808693 1 
2,058,9973475 1 
703,8723522 
429,5725711 
375,9368330 
121,5703706 
209,7863203 
134,7313018 
153,9863140 
71,5513034' 
49,4493567| 
.97,0483843 
98,3423130| 
99,9293776| 
27,2693996 



,179,7308519! 
,755,6758997! 
,217,7181703 
,488,6953365! 
,222,2513554| 
,949,2343518 

982,4063111 
637,5573082 
512,4343417 
248,9573228 
260,0813228 
113,9473215 
108,8163182 
106,6983076 
99,0643063 
93,2413733 
109,5753443 
44,4313932 
34,2813438 



17,219,7513950 
5,967,2103002; 
5,267,2053020| 
1,358,9933480, 
1,441,9953995| 
1,485,2553363 
1,035,0173376 
370,4603807 
633,6883040 
387,1583027 
328,6263756 
129,1703073 
90,8763963 
84,6983823 
126,1063393 
110,4643257 
97,0753110 
53,9453768 
35,3613444 



9,290,1488526 
2,166,4758249 
2,516.3063665 
974,9093149 
1,054,6073982 
746,4443764 
413,8823587 
110,5643011 
434,4078391 
139,5243940 
135,0523605 
76,7593774 
55,0918247 
28,9978775 
50,6568871 
71,3558372 
38,4688138 
89,5158566 
13,4778284 



37,728,344§348 ! 40,164,7983S64!36,223,061864' 



18,406,6458896 



136 



Imperial Expenditure, 



Year. 


• 

Empire. 


Justice. 




1844-45 


2,934 49^8795 


1,338,261^425 




1845-46 


3,197,1418243 


1,426,0098181 




1846-47 


3,461,0958630 


1,567.1828909 




i Q47_48 

Jl U 1 | JL.KJ 


3 493 8183059 


1,575,8328745 




1848-49 


3,617.3738283 


1,720.0828313 




i 84Q_50 

X \J~lS "V V / 


4 427 1^48837 


1,833,777$634 




1850-51 


4,077^0678918 


2,012.1688463 




1851-52 


3,377,472$774 


1.916.3688558 




1852-53 


4,400,0848498 


2,190.527*299 




1853-54 


4,781,3798085 


2.478,1878914 




1854-55 


6.000,7128854 


2.862,4948629 




1855-56 


7,992,885§206 


2.873.960^704 




1856-57 


6,656,2278301 


3.309,7328618 




1857-58 


8,342.8898954 


3,730,6658458 




1858-59 


10.304,4118041 


4,371,7750828 




1859-60 


10,029,7188926 


4,713,1840553 




1860-61 


8,046,4068912 


4.017,1748719 




1861-62 


4.361,7118868 


2.857,7458270 




1862-63 


3,850.0478485 


2,881.067.8024 





1 97 



SHOWING THAT OF EACH DEPARTMENT. 





Foreign. 


Marine. 

1 


i 

ITT 

\v ar. 




579,1788237 


: 3,357,4270673 


7,414.1898720 




466,5328456 


! 3,421,4810963 " 


6,464,7338622 




447,2538427 


3,969,4508502 


6,120,4408080 




450,2458036 


3,793,9978134 


. 6,019,2398185 




513,5858165 


3,909,5088381 


7,852,0248677 




387,9108462 


4,239,1918070 


7,317,8798547 




1,060,0458720 


5,165,6760734 


9,096,5928143 




3,039,8468323 


4,764,7418715 


15,679,7418137 




816,7300301 


4,473,2968466 


8,190,3010670 
9,142,0630818 




1,389,5510440 


5,299,6438194 




1,108,4038516 


6,066,0088190 


10,637,9650905 




640,4620375 


5,201,1610924 


11,013,1968528 




639,3748130 


5,510,4578578 


106,417,688406 




1,598,6708157 


10,496,2978671 


14,207,0268416 




892,1788371 


9,561,4688595 


12,539,5460280 




860,5868413 


9,306,8368687 


12,925,3858852 




858,884$096 


7,905,2538790 


11,505,7228527 
11,365,441S369 




787,4710248 


7,502,8918163 




1,610,5748615 


7.821,0278955 


11,112,6488780 



t 



138 



Imperial Expenditure, showing that of each 
Department — contin ued. 



Year. 


Finance. 


Agriculture, 
Commerce, and 
Public Works. 


Total. 


1844- 


-45 


9,834,980^484 


... 


25,458,5308334 


1845- 


-46 


9,269.6158067 


... 


24,245,513.s532 


1846- 


-47 


9,403,6458167 


... 


24,969,067$7lo 


1847- 


-48 


9,649,8098297 


... 


24,982,9418456 


1848- 


-49 


10,270,998^648 




27,883,5728467 


1849- 


-50 


10,356,970g595 




28,562,8548145 


1850- 


-51 


11,244.2508175 




32.655,8018153 


1851- 


-52 


13,462,8508840 


... 


42.241,0218347 


1852- 


-53 


10,858,3928060 




30.929,3328294 


1853- 


-54 


lu.l L O . Vj V J O VJ V/ jL 




36 ^34 489^055 


1854- 


-55 


12,064,7348694 




38,740,3198788 


1855- 


-56 


12,520.9818970 




40,242,6488707 


1856- 


-57 


13.616,403§403 




40,373.9638436 


1857- 


-58 


13,380,1078250 




51.755,6568906 


1858- 


-59 


15,049,2008553 




52.718,5808668 


1859- 


-60 


14,770,439$338 




52.606,1518769 


1860- 


-61 


16,153,4318629 


3,871.543$61o 


52.358,4178288 


1861- 


-62 


18,828,3258453 


7.594.8428704 


53,298,4298075 


1862- 


-63 


20,630,4918465 


7,181.9998886 


55,087,8578210 



The Department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public 
Works was created iu 1860, previous to which time it was 
included in that of the Empire. 



FUNDED IMPERIAL DEBT, COINAGE, &c 



140 



Funded Imperial Debt. 



Loans. 


Original Capital. 




Real. 


Nominal. 






£ 


£ 




Of 1824 due 1864 

., 1839 ., 1869 

1843 1864 

„ 1852 „ 1882 

„ 1859 .. 1879 

„ 1863 „ 1893 


2,999.940 
312,512 
622.702 
954.250 
508,000 

3,300,000 


3,686,200 
411,200 
732,600 

1.040,600 
508,000 

3,855,300 




For the Railroad Pedro II. , 
contracted May 19th, 1858, 
due 1888 

Contracted March 16th, 1860, 
due 1890, for the Co. Uniao 
e Industria ... 

For the Railroad of Pernam- 
buco... 

For the Co. do Mucury 


8,697,404 
1,425,000 

675,000 

400.000 
135,000 


10,233,900 
1.526,500 

765,930 

453,884 
153,186 




Total 


11,332,404 


13,133,400 





141 



State on 6th of April, 1864. 





Extinguished. 


Nominal 
Circulation. 


Real. 


Nominal. 




£ s. d. 


£ 


£ 

f 




2.999,940 


3,686.200 






' 85,138 5 


86.000 


325,200 




622,704 


732,600 




139,950 5 


150,600 


890,000 




80,707 10 


80,800 


427,200 








3,855,300 



3,929,440 








4,736,200 


5,497,700 


185,200 








203,200 


1,323,300 


47,679 


2 


6 


52,661 


713,269 


28,254 


6 





31.207 


422.677 


9,535 


16 


6 


10,532 


142,654 


4,200,109 


5 





5,033,800 


8,099,600 



142 



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146 



The Empire is divided into Twenty 



Names. 


Area. 




Municipality of Kio de Janeiro ... 


60 




Province of Araazonas 


64,000 




55 


Para ... 


39,000 




55 


Maranhao 


12,500 




53 


Piauhy 


11,000 




53 


Ceara ... 


4,500 




33 


Rio Grande do Norte 


1,500 




53 


Parahyba ... ... ... 


l',500 




53 


Pernambuco ... 


6,000 




33 


Alagoas 


1,200 




33 


Sergipe 


1,200 




35 


Bahia ... 


14.000 




55 


Espirito Santo 


1,400 




55 


Eio de Janeiro 


2,400 




55 


Sao Paulo 


11,000 




55 


Parana 


6.000 




55 


Santa Catharina 


2,200 




55 


Sao Pedro do Sul 


9,000 




55 


Minas Geraes... 


20,000 




55 


Goyaz... 


21,000 




35 


Mato Grosso ... 


51,000 






Total 


280,460 





147 



Provinces and One Municipality. 



Total 
Population. 



Slaves. 



Capitals. 



400,000 
70,000 
250,000 
400,000 
175,000 
486,000 
210,000 
260,000 

1,180,000 
250,000 
250,000 

1,200,000 
55,000 
850,000 
800,000 
105,000 
120,000 
392,725 

1,350,000 
200,000 
80,000 



50,000 
5,000 
15,000 
70,000 
10,000 
30,000 
20,000 
5,000 

250,000 
45,000 
50,000 

250,000 
10,000 

200,000 
60,000 
20,000 
15,000 
77,416 

150,000 
15,000 
10.000 



Rio cle Janeiro 

Manaos 

Bel em 

S. Luiz 

Teresina 

Fortaleza 

Natal 

Parahyba 

Recife 

Maceio 

Aracaju 

Bahia 

Victoria 

Nitherohy 

Sao Paulo 

Coritiba 

Desterro 

Porto Alegre 

Ouro Preto 

Goyaz 

Cuiaba 



9,083,725 



1.357,416 



148 



The Railroads already Constructed or yet Constructing 

are — 





Length. 


How much 


The Pedro II., from Rio de 
Janeiro. 


Miles. 


... 


„ Bahia, from Bahia to Ala- 
croiTiliafi 

W X XX XX CL O . 


At if 
i i 


all. 


Pernambuco, from Recife 
to the Una. 


77 


all. 


„ Sao Paulo, from Santos to 
J undiahy. 


... 


all. 


„ Maud, from Maua to Fra- 
goza. 




all. 


., Porto das Caixas, from 
Porto das Caixas to Can- 
tagallo. 




all. 


„ Tejuca, from Rio de Ja- 
neiro to Andarahy. 


4 


all. 



Of these the Pedro II., the Bahia, the Pernambuco, and the 
Sao Paulo were built by English companies with English 
capital. 



149 



PROVINCES OF BRAZIL. 

The provincial Government consists of the 
President of tlie province, appointed by tlie 
Emperor and a Provincial Assembly chosen by 
the people. All laws relating to the internal 
management are passed by the Assembly and 
agreed to by the President, who has a veto, but 
whose acts are subject to the approval of the 
Emperor. Besides the Provincial Assembly 
each city has its Municipal Council, the mem- 
bers of which are elected, and who look to the 
economy of their city ; each parish also pos- 
sesses its Elective Government. 

The municipality of Rio de Janeiro, like the 
district of Columbia in the United States of 
North America, is cared for by the Imperial 
Government. It also possesses a Municipal 
Council for strictly local matters. 



150 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 

The municipality of Rio de Janeiro consists of 
the city of Rio de Janeiro (once called St* 
Sebastiao), and a small extent of territory 
around it, the whole being about sixty square 
leagues. This is the corte of the empire, and, 
like the district of Columbia in the United 
States, is under the direct administration of the 
Government and General Assembly. It is the 
capital of the empire, and in it reside the Em- 
peror, the Ministers of State, and the other 
high functionaries. Here, also, the Imperial 
Chambers hold their sessions for four months 
every year, opening on May 3, and closing on 
September 3. 

The city of Rio de Janeiro is the most im- 
portant and most populous town in Brazil, being 
at once the capital of the empire and the 
foreign shipping port for the province of Rio 
de Janeiro. The town cannot be less than six 
miles long from Botafogo to the Gamboa, 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



151 



and lies along; the west side of the beautiful 
bay of Rio de Janeiro. It is situated in 
22° 54' T south latitude, and 43° 9' west 
longitude of Greenwich, and has a population 
of about 400,000. A military force of about 
9,000 is kept here, and about 1,000 police, who 
wear a similar uniform to that of the soldiers, 
but are distinguished by wearing a sword. 
Judging from the extent of ground it covers 
Rio might be supposed to have a much larger 
population than it really possesses, but a large 
part of the space is taken up in the suburbs by 
the beautiful gardens attached to many of the 
houses. Rio, at one time, was proverbial for 
its filthiness, but, of late years, much has been 
done to facilitate the traffic and improve the 
sanitary condition of the city. The streets 
have been carefully paved with squared stones, 
the roads in the suburbs well macadamised, 
and a magnificent svstem of sewerage has 
been inaugurated, and in part completed, 
under the practical skill of Mr. Gotto, the 
engineer of the Company; but there is still 
needed the great desideratum — a large supply 
of water to make the working perfect, which, 
however, will no doubt be obtained, as the 



152 



BRAZIL. 



Government is doing all in its power to im- 
prove tlie sanitary state of the city. 

The modern houses in Rio are in general 
well constructed, but the old ones afford mise- 
rable accommodation, more especially as the 
sleeping closets, called alcovas, are all without 
windows, the Brazilians usually devoting their 
best rooms to ostentation, and sacrificing the 
useful to the ornamental. Eacli floor is gene- 
rally laid out for the use of a family. 

The only private buildings worthy of parti- 
cular notice as specimens of architectural 
beauty are the Bank of Brazil, and the palacete 
of the Baron of Novo Friburgo, a handsome 
buildiug, but with the great disadvantage of 
beino; located immediately on a thoroughfare. 

Of the public buildings of the city one of 
great importance is the Hospital da Miseri- 
cordia, which is not far from the Gardens of 
the Passeio Publico. This hospital is an esta- 
blishment conducted on a magnificent scale, 
under the direction of a committee of gentle- 
men, and zealously ministered to by the sisters 
of charity, whose Christian care of the inmates 
sees no distinction of sect or creed. It is daily 
attended by clergymen to administer spiritual 

II:;:: 



RIO BE JANEIRO. 



153 



aid to the sick, and connected witli it is a school 
of medicine and surgery. Close by it are the 
military arsenal and the barracks, neither of 
which has anything to recommend it. Advan- 
cing along Eua da Misericordia you enter Eua 
Direita, passing the Chamber of Deputies and 
the city palace of the Emperor, in contiguity 
with the Imperial Chapel. This edifice may 
be taken as a fair sample of the style of building 
which prevails in all the churches of Brazil. 
Passing; along the Eua Direita you come to the 
Exchange, which structure contains offices of 
different brokers and a commodious reading- 
room. Close on the right is the Post- Office, a 
building affording little of the accommodation 
required by such an important department. 

The Custom House is near the Eua Direita. 
Its external and internal arrangements, as also 
its administration, are continually undergoing 
changes, but without the end of facilitating the 
despatch of commercial business, unnecessary 
impediments and delays being caused by the 
needless multiplicity of forms. The Marine 
Arsenal, which is at the end of the street, is 
perhaps not surpassed by any other edifice in 
Eio, and the buildings enclose a square planted 



154 



EBAZIL. 



with trees, and surrounded by seats for the use 
of idlers. Opposite, in the Ilha das Cobras, is 
a splendid graving dock for the repairs of ves- 
sels, and capable of accommodating the kxgest 
vessel in the British navy. This great work, 
after 13 years of fruitless labour, was finally 
undertaken by Mr. Henry Law, who success- 
fully completed it. It is entirely cut out of the 
solid rock, and is a beautiful and imperishable 
monument of the ingenuity and skill of its con- 
structor, who has also contracted for another 
close bv it. to cost 855,000 milreis. 

Rua do Ouvidor, being the Regent Street of 
Rio, is sure to be visited by all strangers. The 
shops in this street are very neatly kept, and, 
though small, are furnished with every European 
article of luxury and utility. Many of the shops 
of this, and, still more, of the adjoining street, 
Rua dos Ourives (Goldsmiths' Street), are de- 
voted to valuable jewellery, a partiality for 
which is a weakness of the Brazilian ladies, 
and unfortunately leads to great extravagance 
among many who can ill afford it. From this 
charge we must, however, except the Empress, 
who sets her subjects a good example by never 
appearing in public or private decorated with 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



155 



this expensive manufacture of France and 
Germany. 

Leaving Rua do Ouvidor you come to the 
Largo do St. Francisco do Paula, one side of 
which is occupied by a church of the same name, 
and another by the military college. From this 
you pass to the Largo do Eocio. Here is the 
theatre of St. Pedro d' Alcantara. This square 
is laid out as a promenade, and in its centre is 
a fine equestrian statue of the Emperor Dom 
Pedro I., the founder of the empire and the 
father of the present Emperor. This statue, 
considered to be one of the finest bronze statues 
iii the world, is by the French sculptor Louis 
Rochet, a pupil of David d' Angers, and who is 
well known by his celebrated group of " Count 
Ugoliu and his Children," and by other remark- 
able works. Executed in the sculptor's best 
style, it represents the Emperor on the plain of 
Ypiranga, near S. Paulo, with outstretched arm, 
declaring to the surrounding people the inde- 
pendence of Brazil, in the words — " Indepen- 
dence or Death " — words which lost to Portugal 
the finest jewel in her crown, and will render 
September 7, 1822, a day memorable in the 
annals of the Brazilian empire. On each side 



156 



BRAZIL, 



of the square pedestal, which rests on a large 
mass of granite, arc colossal Indian figures, 
emblematic of the great rivers of the country. 

From this you pass to the Campo cle Santa 
Anna, one of the largest squares in Rio, but 
devoid of embellishment, if we except that of 
some hundreds of black laundresses washing at 
the fountains, whose primitive mode of beating 
the linen on a stone until clean is somewhat 
novel to English eyes. Notwithstanding its 
devotion to these black nymphs of cleanliness, 
this square has on one side the Senate, on 
another the offices of the Minister of War and 
the military barracks, on another those of the 
Minister of Commerce, and on a fourth side is 
located the provisional Italian Opera House and 
the Museum. This last cannot boast of very 
rare specimens, but a visit to the mineralogical 
department will be repaid, and there is a rich 
collection of all the woods of the country in a 
polished state. The interior of the senate 
affords little accommodation. The senators 
harangue from their places, and find it neces- 
sary to pitch their voices high to ensure their 
being heard. It contains a gallery for the 
convenience of their private friends, of the 



EIO L>E JANEIRO. 



157 



diplomatic corps, and a separate one for 
strangers. 

The new quays and docks now constructing 
under the superintendence of Mr. Neat, an 
experienced engineer, are yet far from comple- 
tion, and, owing to many difficulties during their 
construction, have already cost the Government 
3,500,000$. Besides these undertakings the 
new mint is worthy of mention. This work, on 
which already 1,000,000$ has been expended, 
is in charge of a native, and deserves a recog- 
nition of its merit — a merit which Brazilians do 
not appreciate, as they repose in general more 
confidence in the abilities of strangers, thus 
neglecting native talent, a result perhaps 
arising from the engineering; education of the 
academies, though administered by gentlemen of 
undoubted powers, being too strictly confined 
to the theoretic. 

There are several public institutions in Bio, 
of which the Historical, the Geographical, the 
Fine Arts, and the Agricultural Societies, and 
the Academy of Medicine are frequently at- 
tended by the Emperor. 

Education in Bio is given in 46 primary 
schools for both sexes, a commercial school, a 



158 



BRAZIL. 



marine academy, a military college, and a first- 
class college, that of Pedro II., all of which are 
supported by the Government. In addition to 
these there are about 20 private schools and 
colleges, the most important of which is con- 
ducted by an English gentleman named Hitch- 
ings, who has made it the first in Brazil, and 
one which would compare favourably with any 
in Europe. 

MASONIC LODGES. 

The Grand Orient of Brazil hold their meet- 
ings at the Masonic Temple, in Rua dos 
Benedictinos, the most zealous members of the 
society having separated from the old edifice in 
Eua do Lavradio, and having formed about 30 
subordinate lodges, which acknowledge only 
the new organisation, and hold their meetings 
in the large and spacious rooms of the Temple 
in Rua dos Benedictinos. 

There are three different rites admitted, which 
are subordinate to their respective High Con- 
sistories, every one, however, being subject to 
the legislative power of the Grand Orient of 
Brazil, presided over by the Grand Master of 



STEAM COMMUNICATION. 



159 



the Order, his Excellency Joaquim Saldaiilio 
Maranho. 

The high orders are : — A Supreme Consistory 
of the General Inspectors, 33; a Grand Lodge 
of the Princes Kaclosk, 30, for the Bed or Scotch 
rite; a Chapter of the Princes Eose Croix for 
the Blue or Modern rite; and a Council of the 
Prussian Knights for the Adonhiramit rite. 

STEAM COMMUNICATION. 

Fine steamers carrying the mails leave on the 
7th and 23rd of each month for the northern 
ports of Bahia, Maceio, Pernambuco, Parahyba, 
Bio Grande do Norte, Ceara, Maranhao, and 
Para; and on the 6th of each month for the 
southern ports of Desterro, Bio Grande, Porto 
Alegre, and Monte Yideo. Other small steamers 
carry on a lively intercourse with the other 
ports north and south of Bio. 

The foreign steamers leaving this port are : — 

On the 8th of each month, the English mail 
steamers for Southampton; calling at Bahia, 
Pernambuco, S. Vincente, and Lisbon. 

On the 24th of each month, the French mail 
steamers for Bordeaux; calling at Bahia, Per- 



160 BRAZIL. 

nambuco, S. Vincente, and Lisbon 48 hours after 
their arrival. The English and French mail 
steamers for Monte Video and Buenos Ayres : 
these connect with the respective European 
lines, and carry the mails and passengers to and 
from Monte Video and Buenos Ayres. 

The foreign steamers arriving are : — 

Due on the 3rd of each month, the English 
mail steamers from Southampton; calling at 
the ports above mentioned. 

Due on the 18th of each month, the French 
mail steamers from Bordeaux; calling at the 
ports above mentioned. 

About the 5th and 18th of each month, the 
English and French steamers from Buenos 
Ayres. 

Besides these there are two lines of screw- 
steamers between Liverpool and Buenos Ayres, 
which touch at the Brazilian ports of Bahia and 
Bio de Janeiro. 



EIO DE JANEIRO. 161 



BANKS. 



There are five banking establishments in 
Eio— 




The Banco do Brazil... 

Banco Rural e Hypothe- 

cario ... 
London and Brazilian 

Bank, Limited 
Brazilian and Portuguese 

Bank, Limited 
Banco, Maria McGregor 
and Co., Commandita... 



J 3 



5 J 



33,000,000$ 
8,000,000$ 

13,333,333$ 
8,888,888$ 



33,000,000$ 
8,000,000$ 
4,622,200$ 
4,444,444$ 



6,000,000$ 6,000,000$ 



and in addition to these there are many dis- 
count houses. The Bank of Brazil is the 
national bank of the empire, and is the only 
bank of issue in Eio, it being allowed to circu- 
late notes to double the amount of its metallic 
deposit. It thus enjoys an important and 
lucrative privilege ; but, unfortunately, the 
directors are not always judiciously chosen, 
and the great evil exists of too much of the 
red-tape system. As it justly deserves, the 
Brazilian and Portuguese Bank enjoys the 

M 



162 



BRAZIL. 



highest credit, from the ability with which it is 
managed by Mr. Hobkirk and two excellent 
directors, chosen from the first mercantile 
houses in Rio. The London and Brazilian 
Bank affords great commercial facilities, issues 
circular letters of credit payable throughout 
Europe and South America, and has branches 
at Bahia, Pernambuco, and Bio Grande do Sul. 

COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURE $. 

The industry, commerce, and manufactures of 
Rio are greatly progressing. There are about 
fifty cotton, paper, hat, soap, glass, carriage, 
and other manufactories. Telegraph wires run 
through the city to Petropolis, and also along 
the first section of the Railway Pedro II., and 
to and between the different police stations of 
Rio. 

The commerce of Rio is yearly augmenting, 
as may be seen by the statistics. It was for- 
merly almost entirely in the hands of foreigners, 
but the natiyes, who are many of them men 
of great natural talent, and possessed of great 
zeal and integrity, are eagerly entering into 
all kinds of enterprises. 



RIO BE JANEIRO. 



163 



The foreign commerce of Rio has considerably 
increased since the cessation of the slave-trade, 
in 1850. The great decrease, since 1860-61, 
was owing to failure in the coffee crops. 



Foreign Trade of Rio de Janeiro. — Value of Exports 

and Imports. 



Years. 


1849-50. 


1853-54. 


1854-55. 


Exports ... 
Imports ... 


Milreis. 
26,343,000 


Milreis. 
37,711,431 

47.034,190 


Milreis. 
51,171,340 

47,431,056 


Total 


26,343.000 


84,745,621 


98,602,396 


Years. 


1857-58. 


1858-59. 


1859-60. 


Exports ... 
Imports ... 


Milreis. 
44,421,609 

69,539,746 


Milreis. 
51,974,658 

68,540,352 


Milreis. 
57,592,639 

60,229,412 


Total ... - ... 


113,961.355 


120,515,010 


117,822,051 


Years. 


1860-61. 


1861-62. 


1862-63. 


Exports ... 
Imports ... 


Milreis. 
79,083,786 

72,979,831 


Milreis. 
57,845,011 

58,222,834 


Milreis. 
52,810,706 

49,621,604 


Total ... 


152,063,617 


116,067,845 


102,432,310 



M 2 



164 



BRAZIL. 



Foreign Trade of Rio de Janeiro. — Value of Exports 

and Imports. 



1862-63. 


British 
Possessions. 


English * 
Channel, to 
Order. 


French 
Possessions. 


Exports to 
Imports from 


Milreis. 
9,194,203 

25 670 179 


Milreis. 
12,181,822 


Milreis. 
10,333,520 

10,771,787 


Total 


34,864,375 


12,181,822 


21,105,307 


1862-63. 


United States. 


Portuguese 

Possessions. ! Ea flata. 


Exports to 
Tmnorf^ from 


Milreis. 
9,696,040 

3 1 78 11? 


Milreis. 
1,734,966 

2,195,162 


Milreis. 
1,611.930 

3,974,152 


Total 


12,874,152 


3,930,128 


5,586,082 


1862-63. 


Hanse Towns. 


Other 
Countries. 


Grand 
Total. 


Exports to 
Imports from ... 


Milreis. 
1,408,766 

1,654,771 


Milreis. 
6,649,459 

2,177,448 


Milreis. 
52,810,706 

49,621,604 


Total ... 


3,063,537 


8,826,907 


102,432,310 



The Exports to the English Channel to order were mostly for Great 
Britain. 



EIO DE JANEIRO. 



165 



This great commerce makes Rio de Janeiro 
the emporium of South America, and yields to 
the general Government a revenue of from 
17,000,000$ to 22,000,000$, annually ; being 
one half of the Imperial revenue derived from 
commerce. 

The commerce of Eio is very great, and em- 
ploys a large number of vessels, The coasting 
trade is almost entirely confined to national 
vessels, and furnishes employment to a yearly 
increasing number. 



Coasting Trade of Rio de Janeiro.— Number and Tonnage 
of Vessels which entered and sailed during Seven 
Years from 1857-8 to 1863-64. 





1857 


-58. 


1858-59. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Ships 

Tonnage ... 


1,059 
143,621 


1,096 
154,033 


958 
130,584 


996 
141,550 



166 



Coasting Trade of Eio de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage 
of the Vessels which Entered and Sailed during Seven 
Years, from 1857-58 to 1863-64— continued. 



1859-60. 



1860-61. 



Entered. Sailed. I Entered. 



Sailed. 



Ships 

Tonnasre ... 



1,016 
141,470 



1,045 
147,291 



894 
126,849 



921 
127.892 



Ships 
Tonnage 



1861-62. 



Entered. Sailed 



1862-63. 



Entered. 



Sailed. 



706 
101,140 



834 
117,081 



1,071 

188,384 



1,280 
270,079 



1863-64. 




Foreign vessels are allowed to carry coast- 
wise certain articles of food, and also soap. 
It is believed that the Assembly will abolish 
the navigation laws, and open the coasting 



trade to foreign vessels, 



167 



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in Foreign 

Trade, 
in Coast 

Trade, 
in Ports and 

Rivers. 

Fishing. 




913 men 
8,397 „ 
3,590 „ 
1,852 „ 


rt 
© 

s 

CM 
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• • • 

Barges, Boats, &c. 


Barges, Boats, &c. 


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Sailing Vessels... 
Ditto ... 
Ditto ... 


Sailing Vessels... 


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CM ^ 


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28 steamers ... 
27 „ ... 


55 steamers ... 



68 



BRAZIL. 



The foreign trade of Rio is mostly carried on 
in foreign vessels. There has been a consi- 
derable falling off since 1860, caused by a 
partial failure in the coffee crop, coffee being 
the greatest article of export. 



Foreign Trade of Rio de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage 
of the Vessels which entered and sailed during Seven 
Years from 1857-58 to 1863-64. 





1857-58. 


1858-59. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Ships 

Tons 


1,121 
513,103 


1,095 
508,598 


1,157 
507,030 


1,089 
466,421 




1859-60. 


1860-61. 




Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Ships 
Tons 


1,153 
505,834 


1,212 
522,361 


1,204 
527,353 


1,190 
554,662 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



169 



^Foreign Trade of Eio de Janeiro. — Number and Tonnage 
of the Vessels which entered and sailed during Seven 
Years from 1857-58 to 1863-64 — continued. 





1861-62. 1862-63. 

1 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Ships 
Tons 


1,130 
407,601 


1,011 
498,302 


1,040 

369,323 


846 
441,167 




1863-64. 


Entered. 


Sailed. 


Ships ... 

Tons 


1,021 
373,117 


808 
398,545 



In 1863-64, Fifty-eight Steamers entered and Fifty-four 
sailed. 



170 



BRAZIL. 



Foreign Trade of Eio de Janeiro. — Nationality of the 
Vessels which entered and sailed 1863-4. 













OQ 








1863-4. 


glish. 


L'tuguese. 


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£ 


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& 


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&» 
m 


03 

W 


jCiniereci ... 


207 


105 




86 


84 


62 


45 


43 


Sailed ... 


177 




86 


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57 


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1863-4. 


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Sailed ... 


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Entered 


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Sailed ... 


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1 


6 




761 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



171 



SCENERY. 

Sailing to Rio de Janeiro from the north, the 
first place of note which is seen is Cape Frio, 
a rugged and remarkable headland, situated 
about twenty leagues from the entrance of the 
harbour of Eio, from which it lies due east. 

The land from this to the bay of Rio is low 
and sandy near the beach, but at a short dis- 
tance inland is more elevated and irregular ; 
and the varying contour of the mountains is 
interesting and picturesque. 

Cape Negro, twelve leagues west of Cape 
Frio, is the first notable prominence in this 
direction. This cape is formed by a small hill 
at the extremity of a range of mountains, and 
is covered with blackish verdure, whence its 
name. Within three miles of it vessels may 
approach the shore in safety, as there is 18 to 
26 fathoms water, with a soft oozy bottom. 

From Cape Frio to Rio de Janeiro strangers 
can view a fair specimen of Brazilian scenery, 
and, as all vessels keep within a short distance 
of the land, an opportunity is afforded of seeing 
every inlet along the coast, some of which, 



172 



BRAZIL. 



enclosed by lofty masses of granite, are very 
beautiful. 

Straight before you, when near the harbour, 
are the Pao de Assucar (sugar-loaf), the Cor- 
eovado (hunchback), the Gavea (top-sail), 
and the Dois Irrnaos (two brothers), besides 
other mountains of singular form and great 
height. During foggy mornings many of these 
raise their heads high above the mists, and serve 
as guides to the port. The Gavea is the most 
westerly, and is remarkable for its perpendicular 
sides and flat table-like top. The Corcovado 
is more to the east, and its high point seems 
to pierce the heavens. 

Close to this is the Pao de Assucar, a conical 
mountain, with its steepest side to the west, and 
which forms one side of the entrance to the 
harbour. When near to this the gorge opens, 
and through it is seen the calm expanse of what 
is generally deemed the finest harbour in the 
world. The entrance is here about one mile 
wide, and guarded on both sides by solid masses 
of granite, and the strong fortification of Santa 
Cruz is placed on its right side. The Ilha de 
Rasa, near the mouth of the harbour, appears 
from the east like a slipper with the sloping 



RIO BE JANEIRO. 



173 



side northward, and on it is a lighthouse 
whose light may be seen ten leagues off, and 
which revolves every ten seconds, presenting, 
alternately, white and red lights. 

The first appearance of the Bay of Rio de 
Janeiro to a stranger is certainly the most pic- 
turesque in the world, with its surrounding 
verdure-adorned mountains, and their easy 
slopes covered with the richest green. Plan- 
tations of all kinds, handsome country seats, 
and well-cultivated islands ornament and diver- 
sify the surface of this little inland sea of 105 
miles circumference ; and, taken in all, there is 
not perhaps a sight elsewhere more imposing 
and agreeable. To the north you see, at a 
distance of 40 miles, the Organ mountains reach- 
ing along the horizon ; to the left, the Corcovado 
extends its peak over the Sugar-loaf ; hill after- 
hill meets the eye, until the city, expanding to< 
the view, spreads, like ancient Eome, over 
the amphitheatre of its seven hills and inter- 
vening valleys. 

Every traveller on coming to a city for the 
first time should see it from an eminence, and 
Rio has numerous ones from which to acquire an 
acquaintance with the relative bearings of the 



174 



BRAZIL. 



buildings and the scenery. The best point for 
this purpose is the Castle-hill ; but if you enjoy 
a really magnificent prospect, if your soul hangs 
with delight on a rich and diversified grandeur 
of hill and vale, of city and country, of land and 
water, of fertile gardens and uncultivated wood- 
lands, go to the height terminating the hill of 
Santa Thereza, and ascend to the top of the 
Corcovado, an elevation of 2,600 feet above the 
sea, where the surrounding beauty is chiefly 
derived from the impressive variety of forms 
assumed by the diiferent ranges of mountains, 
whose relative distances are marked by the 
position of the clouds resting on their summits. 

To diversify this view it should be revisited 
before sunrise on some foggy morning, when 
the scene becomes indescribably sublime and 
beautiful. The mountains that before had 
formed a continuous amphitheatre, now in the 
low fog seem like islands and separate headlands, 
and, when the fog vanishes in the morning 
glow, the eye can wander in rapturous obser- 
vation over an endless variety of picturesque 
and glorious combination ; a scene of wondrous 
beauty, whose general effect must defy alike 
verbal and pictorial descriptions. 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



175 



Tliis place can be ascended with facility by 
going along the hill of Santa Thereza, and, if 
ladies are among the excursionists, the same 
route should be taken to return, as to descend 
by Larangeiras is somewhat difficult ; still this 
beautiful valley is well worth the exertion, 
and if you wish to luxuriate in " Adam's ale " 
of the purest quality, you will find at the base 
of the hill the famed fountain, Bica da Eainlia, 
opposite the palacete of Commendador Jose de 
Carvalho Pinto, who, like all his countrymen, 
proverbial for their courtesy, will not refuse 
you a cup wherewith to drink. 

This water is deliciously cool, and quite a 
contrast with the tepid beverage which you 
have to drink elsewhere, and it is strange^ so 
copious and unfailing a supply should be found 
so near the top of a hill. A large deposit must 
indeed exist to supply the many fountains of 
the city which are fed by the springs of the 
Corcovado, as they are never known to fail 
even in the dryest seasons. 

The environs of Rio are occupied by some 
beautiful houses, and with extensive gardens 
that furnish the town with abundance of ve^e- 
tables. The most rocky and uncultivated 



176 



BRAZIL. 



places produce spontaneously delicate plants 
and flowers, which it would be very difficult to 
rear in Europe ; and the trees, of which there 
are great numbers, have a varied richness of 
leaf, form, and colour. Of these the mangas 
are the most common, and there is not perhaps 
a more delightful feast for the eye than an 
avenue of these trees, some years laden with 
their much-prized fruit, and at all times clothed 
in a beautiful verdure that perfumes the air for 
many a yard around. 

An evening will be agreeably spent in an 
equestrian excursion to the Cova d ? On9a (den 
of the ounce), to which you ascend the hill 
of Santa Thereza. When you reach this 
elevated point the magnificent sight in front 
and rear will be enjoyed with undiminished 
delight, in the unbounded view of mountain 
and valley and harbour intermingled in one 
wide expanse of beauty and grandeur. To the 
south-east the horizon is bounded by the peaks 
of the Corcovado, to the north lie the beautiful 
bay and all the rich alternation of precipice and 
valley, and form together a panorama of the 
most diversified and impressive character. In 
truth, whatever point the traveller may ascend 



EIO DE JANEIRO. 



177 



in the suburbs of the town, his eye rests only 
on a scene of beauty needing no aid from the 
art or enterprise of man. 

The lovely locality of Botafogo, situated 
about three miles from the city southward, is 
one of the many pretty inlets surrounding the 
bay of Rio de Janeiro. 

It is a place of easy access, steamboats going 
to it morning and evening, and omnibuses 
every half-hour. Taking the steamer and 
returning by the omnibus, you can obtain an 
idea of Brazilian rural architecture, as the road 
is lined with beautiful palacetes, and while 
at Botafogo the splendid view of the entrance 
to the Botanic Gardens should not be missed, 
as the avenue of magnificent palm-trees is 
unsurpassable in the world. This, how r ever, is 
the only attraction of the gardens, excepting 
some plants and trees interesting to botanists. 
On returning from Botafogo you have another 
Tiew of the cliff of the Corcovado uprearing its 
enormous mass to the skies. 

The neighbourhoods of Botafogo and of the 
Gloria are in general chosen by English people 
for then- residences, and may be looked upon as 
the west-end of Rio. 

N 



178 



BRAZIL. 



The scenery is fine, and many of the houses 
command a view of the mouth of the harbour, 
and of all the vessels entering and leaving it. 
The Gloria has been much improved of late 
years by the enterprise and talent of the late 
Dr. Cajueiros. 

Returning to the city you come to the Passeio 
Publico, or Public Walks, which is close to the 
town, and open to every one. It forms an 
agreeable promenade, and is much frequented 
by the citizens during the summer months. 
The entrance is unpretentious, but there are a 
serpentine canal and some small jets d'eau, and 
from the terrace, which is neatly constructed and 
has at each end an octagonal house, there is a 
fine view of the forts, and of the man-of-war 
anchorage. 

The traveller should take the earliest oppor- 
tunity of paying a visit to Tijuca, which he can 
reach in two hours by taking the tramway to 
Andarahy, and thence riding on horseback to 
the beautiful valley, which forms a pleasant 
and convenient place of residence, and where 
the mansions of Dr. Cochrane and Mr. Ginty 
seem almost more appropriate for dreaming 
poets than for such energetic and business-like 



EIO DE JANEIRO. 



179 



individuals. The views descried from the 
mountains here are lovely beyond description, 
in the undulation of the forest-covered hills; 
and a few days spent in seeing the Cascades will 
be well repaid. Here, in the midst of the fairy- 
scene, the traveller can avail himself of the 
well-known courtesy and hospitality of Mr. 
Bennett, whose hotel, perhaps the best in Brazil, 
is located in this beautiful region. 

From the hills of Tijuca you can see the deep 
blue South Atlantic, and when commencing the 
descent on your return to the city, there will 
open before you an extensive view of culti- 
vated lands interspersed with chacaras (country 
seats). 

At St. Christovao is the palace of the 
Emperor, which is about three miles from the 
city, and is the Emperor's residence. Until 
lately it was not an edifice deserving the name of 
palace, but at present, with additions and repairs, 
affords more or less suitable reception-rooms 
and accommodation for the Imperial household. 

On the 10th of October, 1864, Rio was visited 
by a storm such as had never before been ex- 
perienced in that city. The fierce wind was 
accompanied by heavy showers of rain, and by 

n2 



180 



BRAZIL. 



hailstones as large as pigeons' eggs, which de- 
molished fully one-half of the windows and 
skylights of the city, the suburbs, and the 
Emperor's palace at S. Christovao — plate-glass 
panes being pierced with holes as if by pistol 
bullets. Branches of trees were broken and 
twisted off, and the leaves riddled and destroyed 
by the hail, which poured down in such quan- 
tities that piles remained at the corners of the 
streets until the afternoon of the following day. 
The lightning was vivid, and such was the 
amount of electricity present that an iron 
railing at Andarahy, struck by a thunderbolt, 
was destroyed and melted into a shapeless mass. 
In the harbour the effects were still more dis- 
tressing. The English admiral, Admiral Elliott, 
and his wife, attempting to get on board his 
flag-ship, the " Bombay," were swamped in their 
boat, and were saved only by the courageous 
gallantry of the captain of a French merchant- 
ship, who succeeded in rescuing them and in 
taking them on board. 

Three English officers belonging to the 
supply-ship, " Egmont," while trying to reach 
their own ship in a shore-boat, were capsized, 
and they and the boat's crew drowned. The 



EIO DE JANEIEO. 



181 



English merchant vessel, M Leighton," was also 
blown over, and the captain lost his son, his 
wife escaping, but with a broken arm. 
Numerous other disasters took place among 
the coasting vessels and the small craft of the 
harbour, and the shores of the sea and bay were 
strewn with wrecks. 



182 



PROVINCE OF MATO GROSSO. 



HISTORY, 

The first knowledge of this district was ac- 
quired about 1550, and for three quarters of 
a century it was exposed to the incursions of 
the Paulists and others, who carried off great 
numbers of Indians, without making any set- 
tlement on its territory. In 1719, however, 
Pascoal Moreira Cabral notified the governor of 
Sao Paulo of his discovery of gold in the river 
Cuxipo, and the country was soon overrun by 
adventurers in search of mines and washings 
of gold, many of whom died of want and fatigue, 
or were cut off by the Indians. Others, how- 
ever, founded several small towns, and, in 1724, 
the governor of Sao Paulo visited his new 
district and raised the town of Cueaba to the 
rank of a city. In 1730, the first gold escort, 
with 2,000 pounds of gold, destined for the 



MATO GROSSO. 



183 



treasury of Sao Paulo, was cut off in the 
marshes of Feclio dos Morros, on the Paraguay, 
only seventeen escaping. And though avenged 
in the following year by a boat expedition of 
600 men and two cannons, which destroyed an 
Indian armada at the mouth of the Iinbotetiii, 
the Indians continued for rnanv vears to attack 
both the escorts and the settlements. Not- 
withstanding, the colonisation of the country 
and the search for o-old continued to Drosress 
until the three vears 7 drought, which, following 
the great earthquake of 1746, that destroyed 
Lima and was felt in Mato Grosso, caused great 
want and disease among the settlers. In 1748, 
it was disannexed from Sao Paulo, and made a 
captaincy, and, in 1751, the first governor ar- 
rived and fixed his residence at the city of Villa 
Bella, now Mato Grosso. For manv vears the 
Spaniards sought to acquire districts of this 
province, and, in 1801, they assaulted Xova 
Coimbra, but were received so warmly that 
they abandoned their invasion and returned to 
Paraguay. In 1824 the present form of govern- 
ment was established in the province. 



184 



BRAZIL. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

This province lies between 7° and 24° south 
latitude, and 50° 4' and G5° 29' west longitude 
from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north 
by Para and Amazonas, the separating rivers 
being Vertentes, Fresco, Aboary, Tres Barras, 
Tapajos, Oreguatus, Machado, and Madeira : on 
the west by Bolivia, the Madeira, Paragaii, 
Serra de Albuquerque, and Paraguay forming 
the principal bounding lines; on the south by 
Paraguay, the Appa, and the Serra do Maracujii 
being the frontier; and on the east by Parana 
and Goyaz, the Parana, Pardo, Pitombas, and 
Araguaya dividing the provinces. It has a 
length of 340 leagues, a breadth of 300 leagues, 
and a superficies of 51,000 square leagues. 

The capital is the city of Cuiaba. 

The climate, owing to the elevation of the 
surface, is in general moderate and healthy, 
except where there are swamps and lands sub- 
ject to overflow, as at Mato Grosso and along 
the course of the Paraguay. 

The surface is mostly elevated, and the 
mountains which traverse it are, in general, but 
table lands of no great altitude. The most 



MATO GROSSO. 



185 



important is the range which stretches from 
west of the Madeira, in a south-easterly direc- 
tion, over the jDrovince, and forms a part of the 
great Brazilian system of mountains and elevated 
plateaux \ having the same general course, and 
dividing the rivers of the north from those of 
the south. The chief mountains are the Cor- 
dilheras, Geral and do Norte, the Serras dos 
Paracys, Tapirapuan, Diamantina, Arapus, and 
Vertentes, mostly vast table lands, yet the most 
elevated ground of Brazil, and the Serra de 
Sta. Barbara, and others, lying between the 
Paraguay and the Parana, among which are the 
best cultivated lands of the province. Between 
these serras the land sweeps from one table- 
land to another, rising here and there into the 
minor elevations which .vary the general features 
of the plains. 

All the rivers which drain this immense 
province flow into either the basin of the Ama- 
zonas or that of the Paraguay and Parana. 
The largest belonging to the northern system, 
are the Araguaya and its chief affluent the 
Das Mortes, the Xingu and its streams, the 
Tapajos and its great tributary the Arinos, and 
the Madeira, into which flows the fine river 



186 



BRAZIL. 



Guapore. Those of the southern, are the 
Paraguay with its important affluents the Jaurii, 
Louren^o (into which empties the Cuiaba), 
Taquary, Mondego and Appa, and the Parana, 
into which flow the useful Pardo and Ivinheima 
(the latter swelled by the Brillante), and the 
Igatiny. 

The lakes of this province are numerous, but 
they are mostly formed by the expansion of the 
rivers, or by their overflow during the season 
of high waters, such as that of Xaraes, formed 
by inundations of the upper Paraguay and some 
of its affluents, which extends 80 leagues in 
length by 40 in breadth. 

The mineral wealth of this province was at 
one time very productive in gold, copper, and 
diamonds, the last of which, though small, being 
of the purest water ; but the great abundance of 
early days is no longer obtained. Besides these 
are iron, found in all directions, granite, lime- 
stone, salt, especially near the Jaurii, saltpetre, 
clays, crystal, and precious stones. 

The soil is in general very fertile, except on 
the sandy dividing ridge already mentioned, 
which only grows a low grass. Like Goyaz, a 
large proportion of the plains is Govered with 



MATO GROSSO. 187 

brush, but there are many immense forests of 
excellent timber. 

The native animals are abundant, such as the 
ounce and its kin, the deer or mountain goat, 
wolves, tapirs, &c. There are also rare and 
beautiful birds both aquatic and terrestrial, 
together with bees, &c. Large herds of cattle 
and horses are reared, and form the chief de- 
pendence of the inhabitants. The rich soil pro- 
duces spontaneously rice, mate, cacao, vanilla, 
jalap, indigo, dragon's-blood, gum-elastic, and 
balsams; and cochineal is easily procurable. 
, The chief articles of cultivation are sugar-cane, 
maize, wheat, legumes, &c, and those of export 
gold, diamonds, drugs, and a large number of 
hides and cattle. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

The chief roads are those connecting the 
cities of Mato Grosso, Diamantina, and Cuiaba, 
with Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and S. Paulo. 

The Araguaya, the Arinos and Tapajos, and 
the Guapore and Madeira, furnish a somewhat 
interrupted communication with the Amazonas, 
while the upper tributaries of the Paraguay 
and Parana, give outlet to the south. 



188 



BRAZIL. 



In former times, before the free navigation of 
these last was conceded, advantage was taken 
of the fact that the head waters of many of the 
tributaries of the chief rivers of the province 
almost meet, to keep up a difficult and toilsome 
boat intercourse with S. Paulo, by means of these 
rivers and numerous portages. That from the 
cities of Mato Grosso and Cuiaba followed r 
from the first up the Guapore, reaching by a 
portage of 3^ miles the Aguapahy, down which 
and the Jaurii it went to the Paraguay, and by 
this last to the mouth of the S. Lourengo, where 
it met that from Cuiaba, which came down the 
Cuiaba and S. Louranco to the Paraguay. 
Further down, the communication with the 
Parana took two courses, the one up the 
Taquary, arrived by a portage of 10 miles to 
the Pardo, an affluent of the Parana, while the 
other, following up the Mondego, reached, by a 
portage of 12 miles, the Brillante, and descended 
that river and the Ivanheima to the Parana. 
Both courses then proceeded up the Parana to 
the Tiete, which allowed approach by water to 
within 50 miles of the city of S. Paulo. 

By these tedious ways, embarrassed by rapids 
and endangered by the savages who infested the 



MATO GROSSO. 



rivers, all the trade witli the south-east was for 
a long time carried on. But of late the com- 
merce takes its natural course to the river Plate, 
and is rapidly developing. 

The population is about 80,000, including 
the settled Indians and 10,000 slaves, and 
excluding the savage tribes, some of whom are 
troublesome. 

The representation is one senator and two 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and twenty- 
two deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 5,000 
national guards. Garrisons are maintained on 
the frontier, and a steam squadron on the 
rivers. 

Public instruction is provided for by an 
episcopal seminary, three advanced schools, and 
sixteen primary schools. 

The provincial revenueis about 50,000$, and 
the imperial revenue 140,000$. 

Steam navigation exists between the city of 
Cuiaba and Montevideo, by the rivers Cuiaba, 
S. Louren9o, Paraguay, Parana and La Plata. 
At Montevideo, Brazilian and other steamers 
sail to Bio de Janeiro. 



190 



BRAZIL. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 

The chief places are the cities of Cuiaba, the 
capital, and Mato Grosso, the towns of Diaman- 
tina, Maria, Miranda, Corumba, and Coimbra. 

Cuiaba is the capital, and the residence of the 
bishop of Cuiaba. It is situated in south lati- 
tude 15 G 28' and 55 Q 45 west longitude from 
Greenwich, and is about a mile from the river 
Cuiaba. Its population is about 16 to 18,000. It 
has an arsenal of war and one of marine, a lazar 
hospital, another hospital, and seven churches. 

Mato Grosso, on the Guapore, south latitude 
10° 2' and west longitude 60 Q 12', at one time 
called Villa Bella, and which was once the 
capital, is a small unhealthy town, owing to its 
liability to overflow by the Guapore. It is well 
laid out, but is falling to decay, as is likewise 
Diamantina, north-west of Cuiaba. 

Maria, on the upper Paraguay, and Miranda 
on the Mondega, are improving towns. At 
Albuquerque on the Paraguay, south latitude 
14° 28', is the custom-house of the province ; 
40 miles below is Coimbra, where is a fort. In 
the hill on which it is built is an immense 
cavern, with several large rooms and large quan- 
tities of stalactites. 



191 



PROVINCE OF PERN AM BUG 0. 



HISTORY. 

This province was founded by Duarte Coelho 
Pereira in 1530, wlio established himself at 
Iguarassu, and afterwards a colony at Olinda. 
The territory of the province was conferred on 
him by royal charter, March 10, 1534, and it 
was governed by him and his descendants until 
the invasion and capture of Olinda in 1630 by 
the Dutch, who, in 1635, obtained possession 
of the whole province. On their expulsion 
Dom Joao IV., King of Portugal, made it 
a captain-generalship, with dominion over the 
adjacent provinces of Alagoas, Eio Grande, 
Parahyba and Ceara, whose captains were 
subordinated to the captain-general of Per- 
nambuco, the same laws, both civil and ecclesi- 
astic, ruling throughout these provinces. In 
1716 the ownership of the land was taken from 
the descendants of Senr. Pereira, who were, 
however, indemnified for its loss. 



192 



BRAZIL. 



In 1676, Pernainbuco was raised to a bishop- 
ric, and February 6, 1821, a superior tribunal 
was created by charter. 

If Pernainbuco is not the first province it can 
scarcely be styled the second of the empire ; 
and had it not been injured by continual wars 
it would be now the richest in Brazil. But from 
1630to 1654 it had to contend againstthe invasion 
of the Dutch ; in the beginning of this century, 
against the civil war with the Mascatos ; from 
1817 to 1824 against the revolts of the revolu- 
tionary democrats ; and again at intervals from 
1831 to 1848 against a continuance of those 
sanguinary outbreaks which have acquired for 
the Pernambucans some notoriety in the history 
of Brazil. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

This province is situated between the 6° 57' 
and 11° 3' south latitude, 34° 32' and 41? 48' 
west longitude. 

It is bounded on the north by Parahyba and 
Ceara, from which it is separated by the rivers 
Abiahy and Popoco, and by the Serra das 
Imburanas ; on the north-west by Piauhy, the 



PEBNAMBUCO. 



193 



Serra da Borborema being the boundary ; on 
the south by Bahia and Alagoas, from which it 
is divided by the rivers S. Francisco, Casanova, 
and Persinunga ; and on the east by the Atlan- 
tic. Its extension along its coast is 44 leagues; 
westward from Cape Agostinho to the Serra do 
Araripe 147 leagues, and its area about 6,000 
square leagues. 

The climate of Pernambuco, situated as it is 
within ten degrees of the equator, is of a high 
temperature, but this heat is so much modified 
by proximity to the sea or rivers, by the eleva- 
tion of the land in the interior, and by the large 
and shady forests of the country, that it is in a 
great part of the province even genial, and, with 
some few exceptions, healthy for Europeans. 
In the stripe of low land of from 40 to 60 miles 
wide which borders the coast, the climate is 
humid and warm, and, during the wet season, 
lassitude and weakness prevail, predisposing to 
disease. This season, lasting from March to 
July, is therefore more unhealthy than the dry 
one, which, though warmer, is more healthy, 
with the exception of those places where, from 
November to March, the yellow fever has 
become epidemic. In the interior, where the 

o 



194 



BRAZIL. 



ground is high and in part mountainous, the 
elevation of the land has its due effect, and the 
climate becomes dry and healthy, with the 
exception of some cases of intermittent fever. 

The surface of the country along the sea- 
coast is s;enerallv flat and sandy for 10 to 15 
miles, but beyond that the ground becomes 
hilly and broken, and rises gradually — still 
preserving a comparatively low altitude — until, 
at a distance of from 40 to 60 miles from the 
sea, it elevates into extensive table-lands and 
mountains. A good deal of the mountainous 
regions and of the southern part of the pro- 
vince is covered with dense forests, which pro- 
duce the pao de Brazil, and other valuable 
articles, but other districts are well suited to 
the extensive rearing of cattle. Few ferocious 
beasts are found here, or indeed in any part of 
Brazil, but poisonous reptiles are common. 
Here, also, is abundance of parrots, and of the 
little monkey called the marmozet, whose body 
is only four or five inches long. This animal is 
a favoured pet of the Brazilian ladies. 

Little has been done in the exploration of the 
mineral resources of this province, but it is said 
that many districts abound with the precious 



PERNAMBUCO. 



195 



metals, that marble is found in abundance, and 
that coal has been discovered near the city of 
Recife. 

There are on the coast many islands, the 
largest of them bein°; the island of Fernando 
de Noronha, which is the Van Dieman's Land 
of Brazil, though a dependency of this province. 
The others are the island of Itamaraca, where 
are raised the best mangas of Pernambuco, that 
of Nogueira, Santo Aleixo, and a group of little 
isles ou the bar of S. Francisco. 

The reef, which seems placed like a break- 
water at a short distance from the coast of a 
large extent of Brazil, has numerous openings 
along this province, giving access to several 
small ports, which, however, are used only for 
the coasting trade, Pernambuco being the only 
port open to the foreign trade. 

This province cannot boast of first-class 
rivers, except the S. Francisco, which in part 
separates it from Bahia and Alagoas. The 
chief are the Formoso, the Beberibe, the Capi- 
beribe, the Serinhaem, and some others of less 
importance. 

The land throughout this province is very 
fertile, and produces all tropical plants, and 

o 2 



196 



BRAZIL. 



most table vegetables. It also vields abuu- 
dance of fruit, among which the pine-apple is 
perhaps the finest in the world. It also fur- 
nishes Brazil and other dyewoods, gums, bal- 
sams, and medicinal roots, but it is to its great 
crops of sugar and cotton that it owes its largest 
commerce, these two articles forming eleven- 
twelfths of its export. 

Of these sugar takes the first place. In 
1711 there were only 246 sugar-houses, which 
annually exported to Lisbon 12,300 boxes of 
sugar, weighing 430,500 arrobas, worth 
834,140$ ; in 1840, 512 large sugar-houses, 
and about 200 smaller ones, making rapadura 
(a kind of cake sugar) ; in 1844, 712 ; and in 
1859, 1,272 sugar-houses of both kinds. 



PEBNAMBTJCO. 



197 



Foreign Export of Sugar from the Province of 
Pernambuco. 



In ... 

-Average of lOyrs. ending 



55 

55 
55 

In 

55 

55 
55 
55 



Besides Sugar. Spirits 
were exported in 



Arrohas. | 
1711 430,500 1|940 
1810 520,972; .... 
1820 510,196 ... 
1830 958,548| ... 
1850 2,665.009, 1S976 
1853 3,688,264 28141 
18544,001,523:28201 
185ol4,181,198j 2S699 
1858;4,528.716 
1860 2.195.134 
1862 3,387,705 

Canadas. 
1862 529.222 S27< 



834,1403 



5.139,9558 
7,879,000$ 
8,834.0008 
11^284,000$ 
12,453,1603 
5.854,2743 
7,252,654$ 

145.877S 



Cotton.— Until 1778 this province exported 
no cotton, but since then it has gradually grown 
up to he one of the great articles of export. 
Previous to the year 1800 the. cotton of the 
province was the most esteemed in the English 
market, hut this repute was lost chiefly through 
the carelessness and fraud of the producers and 
exporters. Since the outbreak of the war in 
the United States the growth of cotton has 
taken rapid strides, and the planters have 
awakened to the necessity of improving the 
quality of the fibre, and of facilitating its sepa- 
ration from the seed. 



198 



BRAZIL. 



Export of Cotton from Pernambuco to Foreign 

Countries. 









Arrobas. 


Average 


of Ten Years ending 


1810 


216,573 


?> 


>> „ 


1820 


230,425 




5) 5) ... ... 


1830 


190,786 


?5 


•5 5 J 


1850 


162,728 


J? 


Four „ 


1855 


146,503 




For the Year ending 


1858 


83,457 




;> 


1859 


130,765 




» J? 


1860 


79,586 




?? 


1861 


116,718 




?? 


1862 


256,619 



These statistics would seem to show a de- 
crease from 1802 to 1861, for unhappily no 
data exist to show the proportion belonging to 
the provinces of Alagoas and Parahyba, which 
at one time shipped almost all their cotton 
through Pernambuco, but of late years ship 
mostly through their own ports. 

The population is about 1,180,000, of whom 
250,000 are slaves. 

The representation is 6 senators and 13 depu- 
ties to the Imperial Assembly; and 39 deputies 
to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 1,600 
soldiers and police, and about 42,000 national 
guards. 



PEKjSAMBUCO. 



199 



Public education is provided in 1 college of 
arts, 1 seminary, 1 gymnasium, and 108 pri- 
mary schools. There are, besides, the Facul- 
dade Juridica, the Ecclesiastic Seminary, the 
Orphan College, and the School of the Arsenal. 

The provisional revenue is about 1,100,000$, 
and the Imperial, 6,500,000$. 

Steam navigation. — By the steamers of the 
Campanhia Brazileira de Paquetes, Recife is 
placed in bi-monthly communication with the 
chief ports to the north and south ; and by the 
English and French mail steamers, with Maceio, 
Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro. Other steamers 
also trade twice a month to Aracajii and 
Fortaleza, and intervening ports, and make 
a trip, each two months, to Fernando de 
Noronha. 

Of the railroad designed to connect the Recife 
with the river S. Francisco, 77 miles have been 
finished as far as the river Una. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Pernambuco, as it is commonly called, con- 
sists of three towns adjoining one another — 



200 



BRAZIL. 



Recife, Boavista, and St. Antonio, and of the 
town of Olinda, three miles distant. 

Pernambuco is the third city in importance 
in the empire, the united population of the four 
towns being about 80,000. Of these Recife, 
or the reef, is the most important, it being the 
capital of the province, and also the port 
through which all its foreign commerce must 
be carried on. It is situated in 8° 3' 42" south 
latitude, and 34 Q 51' 42" west longitude from 
Greenwich. It takes its name from the curious 
reef already referred to as enclosing a con- 
siderable part of the coast of Brazil with a 
natural breakwater. Here, for five miles, it 
runs almost parallel to the shore, at a distance 
of 400 yards, and being only 30 to 50 feet 
wide, and flat on the top, with almost perpen- 
dicular sides, it has all the appearance of an 

artificial wall. This is the onlv defence of the 

# t/ 

port from the long swell of the Atlantic, which, 
checked by the shoals outside, expends its force 
against the reef, and rarely, even in stormy 
weather, affects the smooth w^ater within, in 
which vessels lie safe at anchor, or moored to 
the reef, while discharging or receiving cargo. 



PERNAMBUCO. 



201 



The entrance to the port is formed by a sudden 
breaking away of the reef, leaving an open 
space free from rocks, but which is injured by 
a bar of sand washed there, having but 14 feet 
of depth at low water. Vessels drawing more 
than about 15 feet have to anchor in the ex- 
posed roadstead outside the reef, but this the 
Brazilians hope to remedy, and large sums have 
already been expended in deepening the port 
and bar. On the north end of the reef is the 
lighthouse, and close to it is the small ancient 
tower, Picao, on which are mounted eight guns. 
On the other side of the entrance is Fort Bruno. 
The Observatorio, called the " Tower of Mala- 
koff," is a striking sight when entering the port, 
but the first view of Recife from the sea is not 
favourable, as, from the dampness and' warmth, 
of the climate, and the perishability of the ma- 
terials used in the construction, the town looks 
old, mouldy, and decaying, Recife is built on 
the low sandy peninsular that faces the reef. 
Its streets are narrow, filthy, and disagreeable, 
and, with the exception of the Naval Arsenal, 
a new building with all the modern improve- 
ments, has no constructions of note. This 
district is devoted to the commerce of the place, 



202 



BEAZIL. 



and in it are the custoni-house and the offices 
of the merchants. 

Santo Antonio lies between Recife and Boa- 
vista, on the sandy island formed by the Capi- 
baribe and Beberibe, and is connected with them 
by bridges, one of which is an elegant structure. 

In this district are manv fine buildings, in- 
eluding the Government Palace, the Theatre, the 
House of Correction, and some churches. It 
contains about 3,500 houses, is much better 
laid out than Recife, and is the shopkeepers r 
district. On the mainland is Boavista, built 
like the other two districts on low sandy soil. 
This is the newest district, and the streets are 
wider, and the houses more elegant and better 
planned than in the others. 

Olinda is built on the high ground which 
shelters the port to the north, and along the 
winding river Beberibe. With its pretty cot- 
tages interspersed among mango and cocoa 
groves and fruitful vineyards, it presents a 
very pleasing effect. This was the first town 
built in Pernambuco, being commenced by 
Duarte Coelho Pereira. It suffered much from 
the wars with the Dutch, and also froni the 
buccaneers. 



PERNAMBUCO. 



Pernanibuco has been much improved of late- 
All the streets have been well paved, and a 
system of sewerage has been inaugurated^ 
which, when completed, will be of great benefit 
to the health and cleanliness of the place- 
Hotels have also been introduced — a great 
accommodation to the stranger, who in former 
times was altogether dependent on the hos- 
pitality of the citizens, a hospitality, however, 
always eagerly tendered, and which has caused 
many a pleasant reminiscence of Pernambuco 
and the Pernambucans to linger in the memory 
of the traveller. 

Visitors should take a drive to Cashingar 
and Monteiro, which will be well repaid by the 
views of the country and of the pretty resi- 
dences and gardens of the notables of the town. 
At both places are hotels, perhaps the best in 
the province. 

The most attractive, because the most change- 
ful, to a stranger is, perhaps, the seaward view 
from Recife. The green Atlantic, relieved here 
and there with ships — some at anchor, more 
with swelling sails — bound east and west, north 
and south ; the restless swell beating against 
the reef — now dashing up into one long wall of 



204 



BRAZIL. 



spray — now pouring like a cataract over the 
top — contrasting well in its ceaseless activity 
"with the calm river-like basin a few feet within ; 
the groves of masts ; the gaudy boats shooting 
around ; the frail rafts of the fishermen ; the 
people on the quay of every shade of white, 
. yellow, and black, but, whether working or 
lounsino;, all with their characteristic look of 
laissez-faire — all form a most fitting introduc- 
tion to Brazil, that real terra incognita of the 
European. 

As a port Pernambuco is, from its situation, 
one of the most important in Brazil, it being in 
the centre of the coasting trade of the empire, 
and, as the most easterly part of the country, 
the point of departure of all the ships bound to 
Europe and North America. Besides these 
advantages, it possesses a foreign commerce, 
inferior onlv to that of Eio and Bahia, serving 
as a port, not only for the productions of the 
province, but also of a large proportion of those 
of the neighbouring provinces of Alagoas and 
Paraliyba . 



206 



Foreign Exportation 







1857- 


-58. 




Articles. 




Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 




Rnirits 
•Cotton ... 
White Sugar 
Mascava Sugar ... 
Salt Hides 
Dry Hides 
Honey ... 
Leather ... 


Can ad a s 
Arrobas 

5) 

... 

Pounds 
... 

Canadas 
Sides ... 


i 

1,588,859 
130,344 
2,023,156 
2,460,760 
3,147,419 
5,870 
739,579 
64,353 


§637 
8S173 
3§910 
2§747 
§266 
$241 
3258 
4$490 








1860-61. 




Articles. 




Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 




Spirits ... ... 

Cotton ... 
White Sugar .. 
Mascava Sugar ... 
Salt Hides 
Dry Hides 
Honey ... 
Leather ... 


Canadas 
Arrobas 

55 ... 
,5 ... 

Pounds 

55 ••• 

Canadas 
Sides ... 


772,867 
91,731 
1,353,055 
1,908,384 
2,795,487 
108,870 
182,958 
50,168 


§446 
7§933 
38703 
2S730 
§216 
§331 
S251 
2§748 





The Foreign Exportation for 
j, „ Importation for 



207 



of Recife. 





1858-59. 


1859-60. 




Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 


Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 




1,116,140 
92,543 
1,938.161 
3,297,694 
2,621,245 
6,516 
129,495 
50,717 


■ §411 
8$027 
3$472 
2$476 
§210 
§206 
$237 
3?987 


1,051,806 
144,823 
1,430,153 
2,437,768 
3,508,255 
48,645 
277,539 
71,933 


$409 
8$321 
4S365 
2$605 
8242 
$394 
$252 
3$482 




1861—82. 


1862-63. 




Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 


Quantity. 


Average 
Price. 




842,240 
128,810 
1,828,347 
3,126,666 
3,531,159 
44,107 
154,088 
53,902 


$372 
10$563 
3$089 
28042 
$179 
S206 
$203 
2§549 


639,791 
257,147 
1,382,910 
2,413,805 
3,293,416 
208,209 
158,597 
31,880 


$308 ' 
18g930 
2§967 
1$770 
$143 
§189 
$199 
2§866 



1862-3, amounted to ... 12,471,785$ 
1862-3, „ ... 15,069,078$ 



27,540,863$ 



208 



BRAZIL. 



Goianna is 15 leagues from Eecife. Its 
population has increased very ruuch of late 
years, and it sends to the capital large quanti- 
ties of sugar raised on the rich plain surround- 
ing it, between the rivers Tracunhaein and 
Capiheribe. 

Rio Formoso, situated on the coast near the 
river Fornioso, is located in a fine sugar- 
growing district, and has a good port for the 
small vessels which convey the produce to 
Eecife. 

There are also many small towns and 
villages, one of which, Ponta de Pedra, is 
situated between the mouths of the I^uarassii 
and the Goianna, and is the most eastern point 
in South America. 

The group of islands called Fernando de 
Xoronha, which are sometimes visited by ships 
in distress, are, though upwards of 260 miles 
distant, a dependency of this province. The 
chief island gives its name to the group, and 
is used by the Imperial Government as a place 
of punishment for criminals. It is about 20 
miles in circumference, and on it is a conical 
mountain about 1,000 feet high, which at the 
top is very steep, and at one side overhanging. 



PERNAMBUCO. 



209 



The island is covered with wood, and various 
articles are raised, but often suffer from the 
aridity of the climate. Fish abound in the sea 
around* In August, 1864, the inhabitants con- 
sisted of 305 military prisoners, 776 male 
judicial prisoners, and 20 female judicial pri- 
soners, 85 wives and 257 children of prisoners, 
206 soldiers and officers ; and of other persons, 
33 men, 103 women, and 50 children, making 
in all 1,835 persons. 



210 



PROVINCE OF GOYAZ. 



HISTORY. 

The first travellers who passed through this 
region were the Paulist Manoel Correa and his 
companions, who traversed it from Guapore, in 
1647, and brought to Sao Paulo some gold 
and a large number of Indians. In 1682, 
the adventurous Bartholemeo Bueno da Silva 
started from the city of S. Paulo, with his son, 
twelve years old, and a numerous company; 
and, following the traces of Manoel Correa, 
entered Goyaz as far as the Rio Vermelho, 
where he found gold in the possession of the 
Indians. Having terrified these by burning 
some spirits on a plate and threatening so to 
treat their lakes and rivers, he induced them to 
discover to him whence they procured the gold, 
and to aid him in its collection. He thus ob- 
tained a considerable amount ; and, possessing 
himself, at the last moment, of the persons of 
a great many of his labourers, returned in 



GOYAZ. 



triumph to Sao Paulo. In 1722, his son was 
charged by the governor of Sao Paulo with an 
expedition intended to revisit these mines, and 
to procure gold and emeralds; but, failing; in 
his search, he returned home disheartened at 
this result of three years' travel. The same 
governor, however, encouraged him to a new 
attempt, and, in 1725, after several months 9 
march, he was recognised by two Indians of 
great age, and conducted to the lost mines, 
where he collected a very large quantity of 
gold, and, after establishing several small 
towns, returned to Sao Paulo with 8,000 
oitaves of gold, upon which he received the 
appointment of capitdo mor of the district. 
In 1746, Goyaz was made a captaincy, witli 
Boavista as capital ; and, in 1749, the first 
diamonds were found at the rivers Claro ami 
Piloes. In 1773, the Tocantins was navigated 
to Pard; and in 1824, Caetano Lopez da Grnu:i 
was appointed the first president. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

This province lies between 6° and 21° 40' 
south latitude, and 44° 39' and 53° 29' west 

p 2 



212 



BRAZIL. 



longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded on 
the. north by Maranhao and Para, the Manoel 
Alves Grande, the Tocantins, and the Araguaya 
separating them ; on the west by Mato Grosso r 
the Araguaya and the Pardo being the dividing 
rivers ; on the south by Sao Paulo and Minas 
Geraes, the Parana and Parnahiba parting them : 
and on the east by Minas Geraes, Bahia and 
Piauhy, the line of division running along 
the Cordilhera, which has the various names, 
along its range of Serra dos Crystaes, Chapada 
da St a . Maria, Serra da Tabatinga, and Serra 
das Coroadas. 

It has a length of 300 leagues from the con- 
fluence of the Tocantins and Araguaya, to that 
of the Pardo and Parana ; an extreme breadth 
of 120 leagues, and a superficies of about 
21,000 square leagues. Its capital is the city 
of Goyaz. 

The climate is dry and moderate. The 
thunder-storms of the hot and wet season begin 
in October and end, usually, in April. It is in 
general healthy, except near stagnant ponds, in 
the dry season. 

The surface of the country is diversified. 
Besides the range of mountains which bounds 



* 



GOYAZ. 



213 



it on the east, it is traversed through nearly its 
"whole length by the Cordilhera Grande, which 
separates the courses of the Tocantins and 
Araguaya, and whose elevation culminates, 
south-east and south-west of the city of Goyaz, 
into the dividing ridge of the two great basins 
of the province, where it sends out a number of 
spurs in several directions. Between these 
spurs and the various ranges, and along the 
courses of the rivers, lie valleys and large 
plains, mostly covered with brush. 

The two great watersheds of the province 
are, that of the rivers flowing into the 
Amazonas, and that of those emptying into 
the Parana. The former is subdivided into the 
basins of the Araguaya, and of the Tocantins, 
with its chief tributaries the Almas, Manoel 
Alves Pequeno, Sono, and the Manoel Alves 
Grande, which divides Goyaz from Maranhao. 
Of the rivers flowing into the Parana, the 
largest are the Parnahiba, with its affluent, the 
Corumba, and the Pardo. 

The chief lakes are the Lagoa Grande, 25 
leagues ; and the Formosa, four leagues long, 
at the head of the Almas. The mineral pro- 
ductions are abundant and valuable, chiefly 



BKAZIL. 



consisting of gold, iron, diamonds, and crystal ; 
but the gold mines, which up to the beginning 
of this century had yielded nearly 150 tons of 
gold, seem almost exhausted. 

The province possesses but few forests, 
Mid timber is not abundant, except in some 
localities, such as the banks of the Corumba, 
and where the s;reat virgin forest of Mato 
Grosso lies between Meia Ponte and the city of 
Groyaz ; the rest of the surface being covered, 
in a great measure, with brush, which, with the 
forests, give shelter to deer, boars, ounces, and 
other animals of the chase, and to many curious 
beasts and birds. 

Where timber covers the ground the soil is 
excessively rich ; but, in general, the province 
is most suited to the rearing of cattle, owing 1 
to its dryness and comparative isolation. It 
produces spontaneously, among other things, 
Brazil and Campechy wood, and many medicinal 
plants. 

The chief products of cultivation are sugar, 
spirits, tobacco, lentils, &c, but owing to the 
cost of carriage its exports are mainly cattle, 
hides, gold, and a little tobacco. 

Irs commerce is carried on principally with 



GOYAZ. 



215 



Para and Eio Janeiro. That, with the former, 
by way of the rivers Araguaya and Tocantins, 
amounted during the year 1863, to upwards 
of 200,000$, carried on in dugouts, which 
brought down more than 40,000 hides, and 
returned laden with iron and other heavy 
goods, salt, &c. 

The population is supposed to be about 
200,000, of whom 15,000 are slaves, including 
about 25,000 Indians, some of whom are very 
fierce, while others are settled and apply them- 
selves to agriculture and grazing. 

The representation is one senator and two 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly ; and 22 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 300 
soldiers in garrisons, and 13,000 national 
guards. 

Public instruction is supplied in one lyceum, 
six advanced schools, and 33 primary schools. 

The Imperial revenue is about 20,000$ ; the 
provincial about 75,000$. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

The city of Goyaz is connected by roads with 
the chief rivers and towns, and with Cuiaba in 



216 



BRAZIL. 



Mato Grosso, Minas Geraes, Maranhao, and 
Belein in Pard. Boats on the Araguaya and 
Toeantins serve to carry on a trade with the 
Amazonas, and others, on the Pamahiba, Pardo, 
and Parana, with the south. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The city of Goyaz, once Villa Boa, situa- 
ted in 16° 24' south latitude, and 49° 4' west 
longitude, on the river Vernielho which divides 
it, has two bridges, a cathedral, five chapels, and 
among the most notable buildings, the Govern- 
ment Palace, the Hall of the Chamber, and the 
Treasury. 

The city of Meia Ponte, situated in 16° 5' 
south latitude, and 47° 37' west longitude, near 
the head waters of the das Almas, has a church 
and four chapels. A road from Goyaz to Minas 
Geraes passes through it, and it is in the centre 
of a most agricultural and industrious district, 
where, also, are manufactured cotton and wool- 
len cloth. 

Pedro Affonso, a little town about 200 leagues 
north of Goyaz, where are several settlements 
of Indians. One of the tribes, the Guayajaras, 
lately immigrated from Maranhao, having, de- 



GOYAZ. 



217 



spite the remonstrances of the missionary, made 
continuous depredations on the property of the 
neighbouring tribe of the Chavantes, who apply 
themselves to agriculture and cattle-rearing ; 
these, taking advantage of the absence of the 
missionary, armed themselves, and utterly ex- 
terminated the Guayajaras on the 13th of July, 
1864, destroying even the women and their 
infants. 



THE ARAGUAYA AND ITS NAVIGATION. 

The population of the margins of the Ara- 
guaya have an animated aspect ; their skin is 
smooth, fine, and shining ; the muscles design 
themselves, vigorous in pleasing curves, in the 
robust bodies of the men ; the appetite, stimu- 
lated by that pure air of plains of hundreds of 
leagues in width, where its circulation is un- 
interrupted by a single obstacle, requires an 
abundant nutrition that carries every day its 
tribute to the blood, that repairs the powers, 
and increases life. 

As a commercial centre, we do not possess 
in the province, I might even say, in the empire, 
another more considerable. 



218 



BRAZIL. 



To Para navigation extends itself for nearly 
1,600 miles ; towards tlie south it can go, even 
now, to Eio Grande, and, in a not very remote 
future, may be established to the Taquary 
(130 miles by land), and from the Taquary, 
where a created navigation already exists, to 
the ocean. 

The Araguaya being an affluent of the To- 
cantins, all that northern part of the province 
which lies to the rise of the Cordilheira remains, 
through the medium of the latter river, in 
communication . 

Finally, when the region there will cease to 
be a wilderness, the river das Mortes (dos 
Araes) will furnish a majestic navigation. 

If the price of transport be reduced, by way 
of the Araguaya, our production must augment, 
and exportation must be created, a thing which 
either does not exist, or is on so small a scale 
that it is not w T orth mention. 

The reader will see further on that, after the 
regular establishment of navigation, the car- 
riage of an arroba could not cost more than 2$ 
the arroba; therefore, coffee, cotton, sugar, 
rum, tobacco, dried beef, hides, leather, wheat, 
will be commodities that will abound on the 



GOYAZ. 



219 



Araguaya, but which, so far, are produced in 
the province almost exclusively for its con- 
sumption. 

From this will follow, therefore, the richness 
of the province, and the perfecting of our agri- 
cultural industry through division of labour. 

At present we have no fazendeiros with a 
determined industry ; each cultivator is an 
encyclopedian ; he plants maize, beans, rice • 
rears cattle : manufactures rum ; plants coffee, 
&c, &c. 

And why is this ? Because, if the planter 
devoted himself, in the present circumstances, 
to the growth of any one article, he could not 
find a purchaser for it, and would lose the 
greater part. If, however, the Araguaya were 
utilised he would find a sufficient market for 
all. 

A common argument against navigation by 
the Araguaya is, the falls upon the Tocantins, 
and the unsettled extent upon the banks of the 
Araguaya ; but, with all the difficulties in the 
way, once that navigation is established, the 
goods will come more cheaply by that river than 
by the roads from Eio de Janeiro. 

By the last examinations made in this pro- 



220 



BEAZIL. 



vince and Mate Grosso, we find tliat the Ara- 
guaya is navigable to the port of Eio Grande ; 
that thence to the Taquary, where the Coxim 
enters it, is merely 150 miles ; that the Taquary 
is navigable from that place downwards to the 
Paraguay ; so we have the mouth of the Ama- 
zonas bound to the River Plate by a fluvial 
navigation, interrupted by 150 miles ; or per- 
haps less, as the Araguaya at Rio Grande is 
650 vards wide, and no examination has been 
made above that point, so it is probable that it 
may yield navigation many leagues above. 

What the productions are of the part of 
Goyaz adjacent to the Araguaya, and of the part 
of Mate Grosso in the valleys of the Taquary 
and Paraguay, it is easy to imagine, when we 
consider that the first of these rivers offers the 
most varied and rich products of Para, without 
the excessive heat and the diseases of that pro- 
vince. The fertility of Mato Grosso is known 
to all. Consider then, reader, the immense 
impulse that our industry will have from the 
moment that the smoke of the steamer undulates 
through the blue sky of these new Indias ! 

On the banks of the Araguaya the cotton- 
plant grows in a form unknown to the persons 



GOYAZ. 



221 



who travel there ; the reproduction of cattle is 
annual, and they are always fat ; for at the time 
of overflows the pastures of the hills and high 
grounds are green, and in the dry season they 
have the borders of the rivers from which, as the 
waters withdraw, they can browse on pastures 
of a grass peculiar to those grounds, whose stalk 
is almost the size of cane, and which, yielding 
seeds like rice, gives a food that is highly prized 
by every kind of ruminant. 

There can be nothing more picturesque than 
the view of the margins of the lakes formed by 
the river. Let the reader imagine those im- 
mense plains of hundreds of miles, uninterrupted 
by a single mountain, or even by the smallest 
hill ; figure a calm basin of water of 15 or 20 
miles in diameter, blue and deep, and reflecting 
in itself a sky in which a cloud rarely appears ; 
figure this circle fringed w r ith high reeds and 
grass ; imagine, around, the herds of cattle con- 
founded at times with others of deer, stags 7 
antelopes, hogs, capivaras, covered with flocks 
of jabftrus, ducks of many kinds, colheireiros 
' with rose-coloured plumage, divers and all 
kinds of aquatic fowls, and he will have a notion 
of the fertility of those lands. 



222 



BRAZIL. 



The navigation of the Araguaya is more easy 
than that of the Paraguay ; yet what a diffe- 
rence in the result ! The latter serves Mato 
Grosso — or. to speak rightly, Villa Maria and 
Cuyaba : the former would open to industry the 
provinces of Para, Maranhao. Goyaz, and Mato 
Grosso, that is, it would give to Brazil a second 
coa£t as considerable and vast as that offered 
by the Atlantic Ocean. 



223 



PROVINCE OF MARANHAO. 



HISXOEY. 

The whole territory of this province was 
bestowed on the great Portuguese historian 
and statesman, Joas de Barros, and two of his 
sons made two attempts to colonise it, but, both 
expeditions being disastrously shipwrecked on 
the coast, no further efforts were made until 
1612, when French colonists were established, 
under the direction of La Ravardiere, upon the 
Island of S. Luiz, where is now the capital, but 
they were expelled in 1615 by Jeronymo 
d' Albuquerque, and their place occupied by the 
Portuguese. 

In 1641, however, the Dutch possessed them- 
selves of the island, and of the coast of the 
province, but becoming wearied of the con- 
tinual conflicts with the troops of Captain 
Antonio Terxeira, they abandoned their occu- 
pation in 1653. 



224 



BRAZIL. 



In 1752 Piauhy was entirely separated from 
Maranhao, of which it had, until then, formed 
a dependency. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, 
on the west by Para, from which it is divided 
by the river Gurupy ; on the south-west by 
Goyaz, the Tocantins and Manoel Alves Grande 
separating them ; and on the south and east 
by Piauhy, the river Parnahiba being their 
boundary. Its length from north to south is 
195 leagues, from east to west, 163 leagues 
its seacoast, 130 leagues, and its area about 
12,500 square leagues. It lies between 1° and 
10° 45' south latitude, and 40° 54' and 49° 16' 
west longitude. 

Its climate is verv warm and humid, and 
during the months of November and December 
there fall heavy rains, accompanied by thunder 
and lightning. 

The temperature is somewhat modified by the 
vapours which rise from the rivers and dense 
woods, and by the frequent rains, but varies 
little throughout the year. The province is in 



MARANHAO. 



225 



general healthy, except in the neighbourhood of 
the Parnahiba, where intermittent fevers pre- 
vail. 

The surface of the northern half of the province 
is in general without mountains. Towards the 
€oast it is low and flat, but in the south becomes 
elevated, and in parts hilly, and a large propor- 
tion of it is covered with dense forests, particu- 
larly along the valleys of the rivers. 

There are eighteen rivers in the province, 
many of them navigable for long distances. 
The most important are the Parnahiba on the 
boundary line with Piauhy, which is navigable, 
with some obstructions, nearly 250 leagues, the 
Itapicurii, 150 leagues long, the Mearim, 130 
leagues long, the Pindare, 80 leagues long, the 
Turiassti, and the Gurupy. 

There are also many deep lakes which afford 
facilities for transport, and at the mouths of 
the rivers are excellent ports, two of the best 
of which are the bavs of S. Marcos and S. Jose. 
The chief island is S. Luiz, on which is the 
capital of the province ; there are also other 
smaller ones, on one of which is placed the 
lighthouse of Santa Anna. 

There are various mines of gold, silver, and 

Q 



226 



BRAZIL. 



bismuth, some of which have been explored by 
a company and found to be very rich. This 
province produces cotton, rice, sugar, tapioca, 
maize, oil of cupaiva, nuts, cocoa, coffee, vanilla, 
castanha nuts, tobacco, arrowroot, gum elastic, 
castor oil beans, pepper, sarsaparilla, urucu, 
carnaiiba, tallow, and fibre, and all kinds of 
tropical plants. A valuable silkworm is also 
found here that feeds on orange and pine- 
trees. 

The woods are full of birds and game, the 
rivers and lakes of fish, and from the sea, besides 
fish, are collected large quantities of shrimps, 
which, when dried, form an important article of 
consumption and export. 

The chief exports are cotton, tapioca, rum of 
superior quality, maize, oil of cupaiva, gum- 
elastic, hides, and dried fish and shrimps. 

Of these cotton is the most important export 
to foreign countries. The quality of Maranhao 
cotton is good, and that grown in the vicinity 
of Alcantara is considered to rank next to Sea- 
island. During the ten years ending 1862 the 
export of cotton remained between 200,000 to 
300,000 arrobas, but since that year efforts 
have been made to increase the production, and 



MAEAXHAO. 



2Z7 



with some result in spite of tlie scarcity of 
labour. In 1862 there were exported 2 30 5 4 51 
arrobas. The total exports of all kinds were, 
in 1861-62,— 

Coastwise 296,092$ 
Foreign 2,757,9125 

3,054,0045 

but in 1862-63 the foreign exports alone 
amounted to 4,722,0005, this great increase 
being caused by the advance in the value of 
the chief article of export, cotton. 

The population of the province is about 
400,000, including 50,000 slaves. 

The representation is — six deputies and three 
senators to the Imperial Assembly, and 30 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force is about 1,000 soldiers 
and policemen, and 28,000 national guards. 

Public education is provided in one seminary 
for theology, one normal school, 14 grammar, 
and 78 primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 500,0005, 
and the Imperial about 1,500,0005. 



Q 2 



228 



BRAZIL. 



STEAM NAVIGATION. 

S. Luiz do Maranhao is connected with the 
chief ports of the empire by the steamers of the 
Coinpanhia Brazileira de Paquetes, which call 
from the north and south twice a month; and 
with Fortaleza and Belein, and the intervening 
ports, by a line of steamers for that purpose. 
Small steamers also ply on the Itapicuru to 
Caxias. and on the Parnahiba and some other 
rivers. The inhabitants of the province de-' 
serve great praise for their spirited endeavours 
to develope the steam trade. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

S. Luiz do Maranhao, often called Maranhao, 
the capital, and foreign port of the province, is 
situated in 2° 30 south latitude, and 4-4 3 17 west 
longitude, on the island of the same name, which 

CD ' ' 

is about 20 miles long and 15 broad. This town 
contains about 30,000 inhabitants, and about 
3,000 houses, of which 700 are two stories 
and upwards, and many of them fine build- 
ings. The palace of the government and the 



MABANBAO. 



229 



cathedral are worthy of a visit, though the 
exterior of the latter is coarse and devoid of 
architectural beauty. It, however, possesses 
some good paintings. The arsenal of marine 
is prettily situated and well defended, and there 
are a museum, a theatre, two hospitals, a relacao, 
or high court of appeal, and a tribunal of com- 
merce. Six papers are published in the city, 
two of which are dailies. 

The port of S. Luiz is excellent, commodious, 
and well sheltered, and is frequented by many 
vessels in need of repairs. The entrance is 
somewhat difficult to sailing vessels of large 
size, but, in general, vessels not drawing more 
than 20 feet of water can enter at all seasons. 

S. Luiz carries on a foreign and coasting 
trade of importance. The foreign exports of 

1862-3 amounted to 4,722, 001£ 

The direct foreign imports to . . 3,604,401 

Total 8,326,402$ 

Alcantara is situated about five leagues from 
S. Luiz, and is a nice town with manv hand- 
some buildings. Its trade is not increasing 
like that of the village of S. Bento, which is 
nearer the interior, and is situated in a district 



230 



BRAZIL. 



where cotton of a superior quality is largely 
grown. 

Vianna is an interior town, which is fast 
becoming important through, its agricultural 
and commercial industry. 

Caxias, a town on the bank of the river 
Itapicuru, distant about 120 leagues from the 
capital, is the second city in the province, and 
has a considerable trade with the surrounding; 
country and Piauhy. A small steamer keeps 
up communication with S. Luiz, and is of great 
benefit to the agriculture of this part of the 
province. 



231 



PROVINCE OF PARANA. 



HISTORY. 

This province belonged, with. Sao Paulo, 
Minas Geraes, and others, to the captaincy 
of S. Vincente, the grant made to Martini 
AfFonso da Sousa. 

It remained a part of Sao Paulo until 1853, 
when, at the petition of its inhabitants, it was 
made a province, with the city of Curitiba as its 
capital- The first president was Zacharias de 
Goes e Vasconcellas. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It lies between 22° 18' and 27° 33' south 
latitude, and 47° 46'^and 54° 35' west longitude. 
It is bounded on the north-east and north by 
Sao Paulo, the Itarere, and Parana Panema 
separating them in great part ; on the west by 
Mato Grosso, Paraguay and the Argentine Con- 



232 



BRAZIL. 



federation, the Parana Iguassii, S. Antonio, and 
Pipiryguassii dividing them ; on the south-east 
by St\ Catharina, the Tirnbo, Serra do Mar, 
and Sahy, being the chief boundaries; and on 
the east by the ocean. It is 100 leagues long 
from north to south, 125 leagues from east to 
west, and has an area of about 6,000 square 
leagues. 

Its capital is Curitiba, and its port and 
custom-house are at Parana^ua. 

The climate is moderate, and in general very 
healthy, except on the low grounds near the 
coast, where some fevers occur. The wet and 
dry seasons are not distinctly marked, as 
rains fall both in winter and summer at inter- 
vals. 

The surface resembles, in its general features, 
that of Sao Paulo, the Serra Geral in the east, 
which runs parallel to the coast, being abrupt 
in its descent into the low lands near the coast, 
and falling towards the west into the high 
plateau which reaches to the Parana, elevated, 
here and there, r by the low mountains and serras 
of Agudos, Esperanga, Apucarana, and others. 

Besides the small rivers on the coast which 
are of little importance, the province possesses 



PARANA. 



on its western plateau several large rivers, 
which make their embouchure in the Parana. 
Of these the most northern is the Parana 
Panema, which, with its tributary the Xtarere, 
forms the northern boundary from the Serra 
Geral, and, in its course to the Parana receives 
the Cinza, the navigable Tibagy, and other 
smaller streams. South of this, and of the 
Ivahy, and some others of shorter course, 
is the Iguassii, which by its confluent the 
Curitiba, rises near the capital, within 50 
miles of the sea, and thus, on its descent to the 
Parana, passes through almost the whole 
breadth of the province, but, owing to its many 
rapids, giving a difficult passage only to small 
boats. On the south is the Uruguay, which 
receives from this province the Timbo, the 
Chapeco, and others, and by which boats of 
large size can pass along the whole southern 
frontier to the rapids of Salto Grande, which 
interrupts the navigation during low water. 
These rivers, though for the most part injured 
by rapids and falls, are capable of being utilised 
and made invaluable to the commerce and 
agriculture of this large province. 

The mineral wealth still remains undeveloped, 



234 



BRAZIL 



but gold and diamond mines have been worked 
to some advantage. 

The soil is fertile and productive, and fine 
forests of splendid timber are found, particu- 
larly in the north-east ; still a very large pro- 
portion of the surface consists of great prairies 
and brushy plains. 

The cultivated plants of Europe flourish, and 
are grown to some extent, but the chief occupa- 
tions of the inhabitants are cattle, horse, mule, 
and swine rearing, and the collection and prepa- 
ration of the mate, which grows native in the 
country, and of which about 400,000 arrobas, 
value about 1,350,000$, are exported, the fine 
to La Plata, and the coarse to Chile. 

The principal exports are mate, rice, timber, 
cattle, beef, bacon, &c. Value, in 1862-3, of 
the foreign exports, 1,073,887$, and of the 
foreign direct imports, 303,648$. 

The population is about 105,000, of whom 
20,000 are slaves. 

The representation is one senator and one 
deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and 20 depu- 
ties to the Provincial Chambers. 

The military force consists of 120 police, 248 
soldiers, and about 8,000 national guards. 



PAEAN A. 



235 



Public education is provided in one lyceuni 
and 48 primary schools. There are, besides, 
about 45 private schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 350,0001", and 
the Imperial about 200,000$. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. 

Communication is kept up from Paranagud 
twice a month with Rio de Janeiro and Santa 
Catharina, and the intervening ports, by a line 
of steamers. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The city of Curitiba, the capital of the 
province, is situated on the high land of the 
Cubitao, about 30 leagues from the sea. It is 
paved, and is well laid out on a large scale, but 
is at present a small place with little trade. 

Paranagud, situated in south latitude, 25° 35', 
west longitude, 48° 22', has the port and custom- 
house for the foreign commerce of the province. 
In 1862-3 it exported 1,074,000$, of which 
1,031,589$ was mate. 



236 



PROVINCE OF SAO PEDRO DO SUL. 



HISTOEY. 

This province remained almost unknown until 
about 1680, when it was traversed by the 

7 */ 

Paulists in the search for gold fields, and it was 
not until 1737, that a settlement was made by 
inhabitants of the Azores, at the place where 
now exists the city of S. Pedro. In 1738 the 
province was made part of the captaincy of 
St a . Catharina, and, in 1745, came a second 
influx of Azoreans to augment the colony. 
From the first, the settlers had to defend them- 
selves against the indigenes, the Minuanos, the 
Tapes, and the Bugres; and, in 1763, the town 
was captured by the Spanish, who carried off 
most of the inhabitants. The Spaniards kept 
possession until 1776, when they were driven 
off by an expedition under Joao Henrique 
Bohom. In 1760, the province was separated 



SAO PEDKO DO STTL. 



237 



from St a . Catharina, being made a captaincy, 
under General Ignacio Elroy de Madureira, In 
1775, during the government of General Jose 
Marcellino de Figueiredo, Porto dos Cazaes, 
whose name was then changed to Porto Alegre, 
was made the capital of the province, in place 
of the fortified town of Viamao, which had 
grown up after the Spanish invasion in the 
south. This governor, by his energetic 
administration, gave a great impulse to the 
organisation of the settlements, and to the 
domestication of the Indian tribes. In 1807, 
the territory of Sao Pedro was made a cap- 
taincy-general, under D. Diogo de Souza, and, 
in 1822, became a province of the empire, 
the first president being the Viscount de San 
Leopoldo, appointed in November, 1823. 

Since its first settlement, the possession of 
this province by the Portuguese was disputed 
by the Spaniards, causing many wars, during 
the last of which the Brazilians received a 
severe defeat at Itusayngo, which led to the 
peace of 1828 with the Banda Oriental do 
Uruguay. In September, 1833, broke out the 
disastrous civil war, which desolated, for more 
than nine years, the many flourishing settle- 



238 



BRAZIL. 



ments and cattle stations of the province. In 
1834, the town of Pelotas started a steamboat 
to ply between that town and S. Pedro, which 
was the first in Brazil. 

GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 

This, the most southern province of the 
empire, is situated between 27° 12' and 33° 43' 
south latitude, and 49° 36' and 57° 22' west 
longitude. It is bounded on the south-east by 
the South Atlantic Ocean; on the north and 
north-east, by the rivers Pelotas and Mampituba ; 
on the north-west by the Uruguay; and on the 
south by the Bancla Oriental, he boundary line 
running along the Quarahy, the Serra de St a . 
Anna, the Jaguarao, and down the eastern shore 
of Lake Mirim, to the mouth of the little river 
Chuy, which empties into the ocean. From 
east to west, the length is 128 leagues, from 
north to south, 120 leagues, and its area is 
estimated at 9,000 square leagues, of which 
fully two-thirds is arable land. The capital is 
Porto Alegre. 

The climate of this province is temperate, 
and, more than that of any other in Brazil, 



SAO PEDKO DO SUL. 



239 



resembles the climate of the British Isles, the 
summers being rarely very hot, and the winters 
as rarely falling below freezing point. The 
usual heat of the summer months, December, 
January, and February, in the hottest part of 
the day, varies from 7 5° to 80° Fahrenheit, only 
reaching 90° when a pampero is coming on. In 
the winter months, May, June, and July, the 
cold ranges between 24° and 40° in the elevated 
regions in the interior, sometimes falling to 18°. 
The seasons are in general regular, and free 
from extremes hurtful to the labours of the 
agriculturist; and, in the wet season, which 
continues from the beginning of August to 
the end of September, the rains do not fall 
daily nor cause great inundations. The climate 
is mild, healthy, and invigorating; the in- 
habitants rosy and robust, and represented by 
those best acquainted w T ith them, to be sober, 
generous, hospitable, and sincere. 

The Serra Geral of Brazil enters in the north- 
east corner, and, after proceeding westward 
two-thirds across the province, turns, and runs 
south into Uruguay, meeting, not far from that 
State, the Serra de St a . Anna, which forms in 
part the southern boundary of Sao Pedro do 



240 



BEAZIL 



Sul, and reaches westward, almost to the 
Uruguay. West of the lakes Patos and Mirhn, 
the Serra Geral sends out some spurs, which, 
running eastward, break off in various direc- 
tions, and are lost in the plains and low hills of 
the open country near the lakes. 

The Serra Geral naturally divides the pro- 
vince into two great watersheds, that of the 
Uruguay, and its great tributary the Pelotas, 
and that of the Jacuhv and the smaller rivers 

%J 

emptying into the lakes Patos and Mirim. The 
great river Uruguay rises in Brazilian territory, 
forms the boundary between this province and 
the Argentine Confederation for about 100 
leagues, nearly all of which are navigable, and, 
after a further course of 150 leagues between 
Uruguay and the Argentine State of Entre 
Bios, flows into the Bio Plata not far from 
Buenos Ay res. This river has a width varying 
from 400 yards to even four miles, and, for 
250 leagues from its mouth, has a general depth 
of from five to eight fathoms. Vessels of six 
feet draught can ascend in the lowest stage of 
water as high as Salto Grande (in about lati- 
tude 31° 8', longitude 57° 52'), where the rapids 
interrupt the navigation ; vessels of light draught 



SAO PEDRO DO SUL. 



241 



being, however, able to pass over in high water. 
Of the many Brazilian tributaries of the Uru- 
guay, the most important of those in this 
province, are — the Pelotas, Uruguaypuita, 
Ijuhyguassu, Ijuhymirim, Piratinim and Itabui- 
can, all scarcely navigable ; the Butuhy, 
navigable for a short distance ; the lara;e river 
Ibicuhy, more than 7 leagues long, and navi- 
gable by its northern fork up to the district of 
S. Pedro ; and the Quarahy, which separates 
Brazil from Uruguay. On the eastern water- 
shed, the chief rivers which empty into Lake 
Mirim, leaving unnoticed the rivers of Uruguay, 
which have only their outlets in this lake, are 
the Jaguarao, rising near the Serra de Assegua, 
with a course of 50 leagues, and in part sepa- 
rating the province from Uruguay, and various 
small streams, such as the Arroio Grande, Char- 
queiro, and Palma, some of them admitting 
small vessels over their bars, but navigable only 
for a short distance. Emptying into the long 
Strait of S. Con^alo, joining Lakes Mirim and 
Patos, are the Piratinim, which, rising in the 
hills of the Asperezas, has a course of 30 
leagues, but is navigable only for a short dis- ' 
tance, owing to its shoals ; the Pavao, Fra- 
il 



242 



BRAZIL. 



gata, Santa Barbara, and Pelotas, all short, and 
of which the Pelotas alone is navigable for most 
of its length. The chief streams flowing into 
Lake Patos are the S. Lourenco and Feitoria, 
unimportant streams, the Camaquam, 50 leagues 
long, receiving many feeders, yet little navi- 
gable, owing to sandbars and falls, the impor- 
tant Jacuhy, taking its rise in the serras of 
Batuvy, receiving the Vaccacahy, Cambahy, St\ 
Barbara, Butucarahy Pardo, and Taquary, and 
joining near Porto Alegre with the navigable 
Cahy, the Sinos, and the Caravalahy, flows, as 
the majestic Guahyba, into the lake, and is 
navigable by steamers and rowboats, to S. 
Gabriel, a distance of 80 leagues, and by sailing 
vessels to Cachoeira, 42 leagues from Porto 
Alegre. 

The Lakes Mirim and Patos are formed by 
the waters of the numerous rivers which dis- 
embogue in them, and they have a united 
length of about 80 leagues available for vessels 
of some size. Lake Mirim, 41 leagues long, 
has a width in places of almost eight leagues, 
a depth in the channel of nine to ten fathoms, 
and is navigable throughout its extent by vessels 
of large size as far as the channel of $. 



SAO PEDRO DO STJL. 



243 



Congalo, which is injured by sandbars and 
accumulations of sand and weeds, easily re- 
movable at little cost. Lake Patos has a 
length of 36 leagues, an extreme width of 14 
leagues, a depth in the channel of 4^ to 8 
fathoms, and in places 20 fathoms. The 
channel of Cangassu, however, is shallow, in 
summer admitting only vessels drawing about 
nine feet, but would be easily improved by the 
construction of a short canal close to the isle 
of Cangassu. The bay of Pelotas, which, 
under the name of Eio Grande do Sul, forms 
the outlet of these lakes to the sea, is about 
12 leagues long, and three wide. The entrance 
is dangerous, on account of many flats, the bar 
at its mouth, and the frequent shifting of the 
channel, which have necessitated the estab- 
lishment of . a combined system of buoys and 
signals to guide the vessels entering. The 
depth of water also varies from time to time, but 
seldom admits vessels drawing more than 10 or 
11 feet water, and then only when the sea is 
not rough. Inside, however, there is abundance 
of water, and vessels can bring up and anchor 
almost anvwhere. 

The coast is altogether low, sandy, faced 

r 2 



244 



BEAZIL. 



with sand-banks, wliicli stretch far into the sea, 
and covered with a fine white sand, only dotted 
here and there with a scanty vegetation. The 
land on the western sides of the lakes is, how- 
ever, of a very different character, that lying 
west of Lake Mirim being undulating and 
gradually rising to the middle of the province, 
and as gradually falling to the Uruguay ; and 
that west of Lake Patos and the northern lakes 
commencing, at a short distance from their 
shores, to rise slowly into the mountains of the 
Serra Geral, and on the north and west, falling 
to the Pelotas and the Uruguay. In this 
region, lying north and west of the Serra Geral, 
and north of the Serra de Sta. Anna, the terri- 
tory in general is basaltic, and in the north-west 
of the province are found some desert lands. 
In the east division, the soil of the great allu- 
vial plains, rising from the lakes, is usually a 
rich loam impregnated with lime and saline sub- 
stances. The plains generally throughout the 
province are arable, and, except in the north, 
only dotted here and there with groves of trees. 
Being also free from large roots that might 
obstruct the plough, they are in the most 
favourable condition possible for the require- 



SAO PEDRO DO SUL 245 

merits of agriculturists, the grazier, and the 
shepherd. 

In the soil exist many kinds of useful clays 
and ochres, and a large deposit of a very valuable 
kaolin, suitable for the manufacture of por- 
celain. Its quarries furnish basalt, porphyry, 
granite, marbles of various colours, and a fine 
white marble for sculptors ; and, besides, are 
found many varieties of cornelian, topazes, and 
diverse coloured rock-crystal. It is rich with 
gold, silver, and lead. Copper has been 
found in many places, and rich veins lie at 
Ca§apava, and in the hills along the courses of 
the Ibicuhy and Quarahy, at the latter being 
particularly abundant and accessible. Iron is 
almost everywhere, but in especial importance 
at Cagapava, Eio Pardo, and S. Jeronymo 
(at which places beds of coal exist), Itaquy, 
Cruz Alta, S. Leopoldo, and Porto Alegre. 
Coal of a somewhat inferior quality, in large 
beds, has been discovered near the surface in 
many parts, particularly those of Arroio dos 
Eatos (worked a little), Arroio Candista, on 
the Jaguar ao, and in the basin of the Jacury, 
where a very large deposit exists, reported to 
be of excellent quality. 



246 



BRAZIL. 



The fruits of Europe flourish almost every- 
where, and the grapes, pears, apples, and 
peaches are of superior quality. Among the 
vegetables used in medicine and the arts, and 
growing wild in the province, are ipecacuanha, 
sarsaparilla, turbith, camomile, indigo, &c. ; 
and the timber, though not in abundance, is 
valuable for construction. The soil produces 
everything grown in -temperate climes, and before 
the appearance of rust in 1811, wheat yielded 
eightyfold, and even a hundredfold. Previous 
to this, the export of wheat amounted to about 
460,000 alqueiraS) but afterwards, from 1811 to 
1820, fell to 180 to 200,000 alqueiras per annum. 
Many farmers, therefore, abandoned its culture, 
turning their attention to grazing and utilising 
the wild horses and cattle with which the province 
swarmed, domesticating them and selling them 
to the beef-packer and the hide -merchant. So 
rapid became the development of this trade, that 
in 1835 the products of the herds formed 
almost the whole export of the province, and 
amounted to upwards of 8,000,000$. In this 
year, however, the civil war broke out, which for 
nine years devastated the country, and which, 
being followed by a. pestilence among the 



SAO PEDRO DO SUL. 



247 



cattle, almost exterminated the herds of the 
province. But these losses were soon retrieved, 
and grazing still continues to form the main 
dependence of the Eio Grandian. The exports 
consist chiefly of dried beef, hides, and other 
products of the herd, farinha de mandioca, 
beans, maize, wheat, mate, tobacco, wool, 
lumber, and logs, and the varied products of 
the quarries. In 1861-62 the value of the 
exports was — 

Coastwise 9,346,929$ 

Foreign 7,982,351$ 

• - 17,329,280$ 

The number of cattle slaughtered in the 
province was in 1863, 560,000 head of steers, 
in the first nine months of 1864, 517,881. 

The population^ according to the official 
returns of 1863, was 392,725, of whom 315,306 
were free, 77,416 slaves, and 1,000 Indians. 
Since 1859 the increase has been 49 per cent, of 
the free, and 9| of the slave population. 

The representation is effected by three 
senators and six deputies for the Imperial 
Assembly, and by 30 deputies to the Pro- 
vincial Chamber. i 



248 



BRAZIL. 



The military force consists of 42,991 national 
guards, namely, 25,741 cavalry, 16,674 and 576 
artillerists ; of these about 1,200 are on active 
service in garrison and police duties. The 
police force is about 400 men. 

Public instruction is provided for by two 
lyceums and 168 primary schools. There are 
also one episcopal seminary and 25 private 
schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 900,000$ 
annually, the Imperial about 3,000,000$. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. 

This province was the first in the empire to 
avail itself of the advantages of steam, the enter- 
prising inhabitants of Pelotas, in 1834, running 
a steamboat between that town and Sao Pedro. 
At present about 20 steamers are employed in 
the rivers, lakes, ports, and at the bar, and com- 
munication is kept up with the northern ports 
four times a month by the steamers of the 
Companhia Brazileira de Paquetes. 



• 



SAO PEDEO DO SUL. 249 



TOPOGE APHY . 

The city of For to Alegre, the capital of the 
province, is situated on the east side of the 
Guahiba, about seven leagues from its outlet into 
Lake Patos. It is well laid out and built, and 
has a population of about 25,000 inhabitants. 
In it are the old palace of the governors, the 
Provincial Chamber, an arsenal of war, an 
hospital, and an elegant theatre. The port is 
good, and, from the situation of the city near 
the mouths of several navigable streams which 
empty into the Guahiba, it is well placed for 
commerce. In it is a custom-house for the 
foreign trade. Its export trade is small, but is 
rapidly increasing, having amounted in 1857-8 
to 57,665$, and in 1862-3 to 205,237$, chiefly 
mate. 

Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, the ancient capital, 
is situated on the south-east side of the channel 
of the Rio Grande, on a sandy plain. Its port 
is good, and it carries on a considerable com- 
merce with foreign countries, its foreign exports 
amounting, in 1862-3, to 4,033,000$. The en- 
trance of the bar of the Eio Grande is very 



550 



BRAZIL. 



dangerous, from the shifting of the channel and 
varying of the depth, sometimes with certain 
winds diminishing to only seven feet. South 
latitude, 32° T 15', west longitude, 52° 4' 25'. 

S. Jose do Norte, a few leagues to the north- 
east of S. Pedro, is situated on the peninsula, 
separating Lake Patos from the sea. Its foreign 
exports amounted, in 1862-3, to 1,834,000$. 
South latitude, 32° 0' f , west longitude, 52° 2' 0\ 
Uruguay anty on the Uruguay, is a port for 
foreign commerce, chiefly with the Spanish 
Kepublics. In 1862-3 it exported 168,000$, but 
in 1861-2, 417,000$. Its principal export is 
mate. 



251 



PROVINCE OF ST A . CATHARINA. 



HISTORY, ETC. 

The first settlement in this territory was made, 
in 1651, by Francisco Dias Velho Monteiro, on 
the island of St\ Catharina, but the mainland 
remained unsettled and unknown, except to 
roving bands of Paulists in search of Indians 
for slaves, until about the end of the seventeenth 
century, when a body of the Paulists fixed 
themselves at a place in the interior which, in 
1749, was made a district of Sao Paulo, with 
the name of Villa dos Lages. About 1720, 
D. Joao V. caused colonies of Azoreans to be 
located on the mainland and on the island, he 
making this last also a place for the transpor- 
tation of criminals. In 1738, the island was 
separated from the captaincy of Sao Vincente, 
and made a distinct government, subject to Eio 
de Janeiro. In 1777, the Spaniards took pos- 
session of it, and retained it until 1778, when, 



252 



BRAZIL. 



by treaty, it was delivered up to the Portu- 
guese. In 1791, the district of "Villa dos Lages 
was separated from Sao Paulo and added to 
St a . Catharina, In 1813, the present limits 
were established; and, in 1824, the district was 
made a province of the empire, the first presi- 
dent being Joao Eodrigo de Carvalho. In 
1839, the mainland was taken possession of by 
the revolutionists of Sao Pedro do Sul, who 
kept it for some tiine* 

GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 

This province is situated between 25° 55 f and 
29° 25' south latitude, and 48° 43' and 51° 41' 
west longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded 
on the east by the ocean; on the north and 
north-west by Parana, being separated therefrom 
by the river Sahy, by an offshoot of the Serra 
Geral, and by the river Tinibo ; and on the south- 
west by Sao Pedro do Sul, the rivers Pelotas 
and Mampituba forming the dividing line. The 
estimated area is 2,200 square leagues. Its 
capital is Desterro, situated on the island of 
St\ Catharina. 

The climate of the province, and especially 
of the island, is mild and agreeable, but in the 



ST A . CATHARINA. 



253 



high lands, and the elevated regions of the in- 
terior, the winter is more severe than on the 
sea-coast. The wet season sets in about the 
beginning of August; and continues to the end 
of September. The dry season is not as regu- 
lar as in some other provinces, and is frequently 
interrupted by storms and heavy rains. The 
climate is genial and healthy, save catarrhs, 
and, in some isolated districts, cases of periodic 
fevers, especially in the neighbourhood of the 
lakes. 

The surface is but little broken, except in 
the island, but the Serra Geral, which stretches 
south throughout the whole length of the pro- 
vince, divides it into two distinct watersheds ; the 
western one being drained by the Pelotas and 
its tributaries, and the eastern by the numerous 
small rivers which empty into the sea. None 
of these are of great importance as a means 
of trade with the interior, even the largest, the 
Ararangua, Itajay, and Itajaymirim, having a 
free navigation of but six to eight leagues, 
while the others, the chief of w r hich are the 
Sahy, Beguassii, Cubatao, Tubarao, and Mam- 
pituba, though navigated more or less princi- 
pally with boats, owe most of their usefulness 



254 



BRAZIL. 



to the influx of the sea. For these reasons the 
cultivated lands are chiefly collected near the 
sea-coast, and round the lakes and streams 
affording communication by water. 

Coal is the chief mineral found, geologists 
having reported the existence of a large bed 
in the south-east of this province, supposed to 
be 20 to 30 miles wide, and 300 miles long, 
and to extend into the province of S. Pedro do 
Sul. Hitherto the miners do not seem to have 
found anything likely to supersede English coal 
for steam purposes. There are several mineral 
and hot springs, some of which are in repute 
for the cure of syphilis and elephantiasis. 

The soil is very fertile, and from its forests 
are procured useful timber for building and 
furniture, and also dye-woods. 

The chief products of the agriculture are 
European cereals, cotton, cane, mandioca, flax, 
rice, maize, beans. These they export, together 
with dried beef, tallow, &c, mostly to the 
northern provinces, and farinha de mandioca 
and lumber to Eio Plata. Its direct foreign 
trade is small, and chiefly with the Hanse cities 
and Rio Plata. It amounted, in 1862-3, to 
107,368$ exported, and 291,647$ imported. 



ST A . CxiTHARINA. 



255 



The population amounts to about 120,000, 
of whom 15,000 are slaves. 

The representation is one senator and one 
deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and 20 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 100 
soldiers, a body of police, and about 9,000 
national guards. 

Public instruction is furnished in one lyceurn 
and 47 primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 200,000$> 
and the Imperial 150,00$. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. 

There is communication twice a month with 
Rio de Janeiro, S. Jose do Norte, and Rio 
Grande do Sul, from S. Francisco and Desterro r 
and with Montevideo once a month, by the 
Companhia Brazileira de Paquetes ; and by 
the Companhia Ferreira twice a month, with 
Rio de Janeiro, from Desterro, touching at 
S. Francisco, Paranagua, Iguape, Santos, San 
Sebastiao, and Ubatuba. 



256 



BRAZIL. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 

Desterro, the capital and fort for foreign 
commerce, is situated in south latitude 27° 35', 
and west longitude 48° 32' on the west side of 
the island of St a . Catharina. It is a small but 
strongly fortified place, of about 7,000 inhabi- 
tants. 

The island of St a . Catharina is nine leagues 
long by one or two wide. 

S. Francisco is situated in south latitude 
26° 15', and west longitude 48° 31', on the west- 
ern shore of the fertile island of S. Francisco, 
which is six leagues long by three in width. It 
is advantageously placed for trade. 



257 



PROVINCE OF MINAS GERAES. 



HISTORY. 

The first discoverer of this province was 
Sebastiao Fernandes Tourinho, who, in 1573, 
ascending the Rio Doce, forced his way across 
the Serra das Esnieraldas, and descended the 
Jequitinhonha, bringing with him to Bahia 
specimens of the riches he had discovered. 
His example was followed by other adventurers 
in search of gold or slaves, but it was not until 
the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the 
seventeenth century that the great discoveries 
of gold at Ouro Preto and elsewhere, attracted 
general immigration from Portugal and from 
Sao Paulo and other provinces. Disputes soon 
broke out between the Paulists and the others, 
for the possession of the mines, and several 
battles were fought between the parties, but, in 
1709, peace was restored by the governor of 

s 



258 



BRAZIL. 



Rio, and Minas, being created into a district, 
was made subject to the governor of Sao Paulo, 
under which jurisdiction it remained until 1720, 
vvhen it was separated and made a province, 
receiving its first governor, Lourenco d' Almeida. 
In 1727, the gold mines of Aracuahi were 
discovered, and in 1729, the first diamonds 
of Brazil were found at Diamantina, then part 
of the province of Bahia. After the Indepen- 
dence of Brazil, the Visconde de Cahete was 
the first president appointed. 

The climate, owing to the great elevation of 
the general surface, is moderate and healthy,, 
except in the low lands, liable to overflow, along 
the S. Francisco and other large rivers, where 
intermittent fevers prevail, especially after the 
going down of the floods. The wet and dry 
seasons of this province are the reverse of 
those of Pernambuco and the other northern 
provinces, the summer being the time of the 
greatest rains. 

It lies between 14° 30' and 22° 32' south 
latitude, and 39° 58' and 52° 3' west longitude. 
It is bounded on the north by Bahia, the chief 
limits being formed by the Serra do Grao Mogul, 
the Rio Verde Grande, and the Carunhanha; 



MIS AS GERAES. 



259 



on the west by Goyaz, tlie Chapada da St a . 
Maria, the Serra dos Chrystaes, and the Parna- 
hiba, dividing them ; on the south by Sao Paulo 
and Rio de Janeiro, the Rio Grande Serra de 
Lopo, Serra da Mantiqueira, and the Parahyba, 
separating them ; and on the east by Espirito 
Santo, the Serras dos Pico, dos Arrepiades, and 
Aimores beino; the boundary. It is 150 leagues 
from north to south, and 220 from east to west^ 
and has an area of 20,000 square leagues. 

The city of Ouro Preto is the capital. 

The surface is most diversified and broken, 
the province being not only traversed by the 
great system of mountain and high land which 
stretches from the Serra da Mantiqueira in this 
province, in a north-westerly direction across 
Minas Geraes, Goyaz and Mato Grosso forming 
the dividing summit between the great rivers of 
the north and the south, but also by several 
offshoots, which ramify in various courses, and 
divide it into a multitude of plateaux, and of 
valleys and defiles, usually narrow and tortuous 
on the eastern side of the province, but larger 
and more level, proceeding westward. Some of 
the loftiest summits reach 5,500 feet altitude, 
and the plateau of Barbacena is at an elevation 

s 2 



260 



BRAZIL. 



of upwards of 3,500 feet above the level of the 
sea. 

This province gives origin to several large 
rivers, whose courses, and those of many of their 
numberless tributaries, though rapid and embar- 
rassed by ledges and falls, are capable of being 
turned to essential service to the commerce and 
development of the interior of this rich and 
flourishing district of Brazil. These are — the 
Doce, rising near Ouro Preto, navigable for 
some distance in this province, but interrupted 
by the Escadinhas as it enters Espirito Santo, 
below which its course is free to the sea ; the 
Jequitinhonha, or Belmonte, having birth near 
Serro, navigable from the S. Goncalo and the 
ocean to the rapids of Salto Grande in the 
Serra dos Aimores ; the S. Francisco, which, 
starting near Ouro Preto, flowing northward 
through Minas Geraes and emptying into the 
ocean between Alagoas and Sergipe, is naviga- 
ble bv its confluent the Velhas from Sahara to 
the fall of Paulo Alfonso in Alagoas, and 
from thence to the sea ; and the Parnahiba and 
Grande navigable along the north-western and 
southern frontiers. 

The mineral wealth of this province is exceed- 



MINAS GERAES. 



261 



ingly great. Besides gold, of which it has 
already produced about 550 tons, and diamonds, 
now yielding annually about £200,000, it 
possesses rubies, emeralds, and other precious 
stones ; silver, platinum, copper, iron, lead, 
mercury, antimony, bismuth, alum, sulphur, 
crystal, limestone, granite, millstones, amian- 
thus, saltpetre, and lignite ; and fossils are found 
of many extinct animals and vegetables. The 
gold and diamond mines are still worked at a 
profit. In Minas Geraes were found the famous 
crown diamond of Portugal, and the large 
diamond, the Estrella do Sul, exhibited at the 
late industrial exhibitions. 

The soil is in general very fertile, covered 
with large forests of excellent timber in some 
parts, and in others furnishing fine pastoral 
valleys for grazing. Besides dyewoods and 
balsams it produces ipecacuanha, jalap, liquorice, 
indigo, European cereals and fruits, maize, 
cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, mate, &c, and 
great herds, droves and flocks of horses, mules, 
cattle, swine, and sheep are reared, making one 
of the principal occupations of the inhabitants. 

The chief articles of export are gold, dia- 
monds, cotton, tobacco, coffee, mate, bacon, 



262 



BKAZIL. 



lard, cheese, cattle, horses, mules, and cotton, 
chiefly to Eio de Janeiro and Bahia. 

The population is about 1,350,000, of whom 
150,000 are slaves. The representation is 10 
senators and 20 deputies to the Imperial 
Assembly, and 40 deputies to the Provincial 
Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 600 
police, 400 soldiers, and 75,000 national 
guards. 

Public education is afforded in 384 primary 
schools, 60 secondary schools, two lyceums, 
and two ecclesiastic seminaries. 

The provincial revenue is about 1,200,000$ 
and the Imperial about 620,000$. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

Besides the rivers rising in this province, 
which afford much aid to its trade, there is an 
excellent road to Rio de Janeiro, and the rail- 
roads from Rio de Janeiro and Santos will, 
when finished into the interior of this province, 
be of inestimable benefit for the development 
of the resources of this fertile and healthy 
district of Brazil. 



MINAS GEEAES. 



263 



TOPOGEAPHY. 

Ouro Preto, the capital of the province, is 
situated on the serra of the same name, about 
83 leagues to the north of Rio Janeiro, It is 
unpleasantly situated among steep mountains, 
and in a cold and cloudy climate. It is badly 
built, and has no buildings worthy of note. 
In it are the Government Palace, the Chamber, 
several churches, 14 fountains, a library, a 
botanic garden, and the lyceum. It carries on 
a considerable trade with Rio de Janeiro and 
the interior. 

S. Jods del Rei is a well-paved town, and is 
the entrepot of a large commerce. 



264 



PROVINCE OF ESPIFJTO SANTO. 



HISTORY. 

This province formed the grant made by 
Jolm III. to Vasco Fernando Coutinho, who 
established the first settlement at Espirito 
Santo and Victoria, which, however, had to 
struggle with the Indians for many years. In 
the end of the seventeenth century, a descen- 
dant of Coutinho sold the grant to Francisco 
Gil d'Aranjo, and, in 1717, it was again pur- 
chased, for the same sum of 40,000 cruzados, 
by John V., and added to the crown domains. 
For two centuries after the first settlement, the 
Jesuits civilised and protected the Indians of 
the province ; and, in 1750, the Indian popula- 
tion numbered upwards of 40,000, but after 
the expulsion of this order they either died of 
intemperance or returned to savage life. The 
district was governed by capitdes mores, sub- 



ESPIKITO SANTO. 



265 



ject to the Viceroy, until 1809, when it was 
created a province. 

GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 

It lies between 17° 57' and 21° 24' south 
latitude, and 39° 17' and 42° T west longitude 
from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north 
by Rahia, the Mucury being the boundary ; on 
the west by Minas Geraes, the serras dos 
Aim ores, dos Arrepiados, and do Pico, and the 
river Preto dividing them ; on the south by 
Rio Janeiro, the Itabapoana being the sepa- 
rating river ; and on the east by the Atlantic. 
It has a sea- coast of 90 leagues, an average 
width of 24 leagues, and a superficial area of 
1,400 square leagues. Its capital is Victoria. 

The climate is moderate and damp, the heat 
of summer being tempered by the breezes, and 
it is very healthy, except along the courses of 
the rivers Doce and S. Matheus, where there is 
experienced much sickness in some localities. 
The seasons are not so determined as in the 
northern provinces, rain falling generally. The 
surface is in general hilly, and in the west 
and south becomes somewhat mountainous. 



266 



BRAZIL. 



It is watered by a great number of rivers 
which in general flow from the mountains on 
the western boundary, and are navigable by 
boats for some distance. The chief rivers, how- 
ever, which flow through the province are the 
Mucury, on the northern limit, which rises in 
Minas Geraes, and is navigated by steamboats 
to St a . Clara; the S. Matheus, navigated to the 
city of S. Matheus; and the large river Doce, 
coming from Minas Geraes, which, though 
injured by rocks, will be ere long an important 
channel of commerce. The mouths of many of 
the rivers also furnish small but deep ports. 

The soil of this province is in general fertile, 
productive, and covered with timber; but the 
best districts are those at the north and south, 
along the courses of the S. Matheus and Ita- 
pemirim. The population is chiefly gathered 
within a stripe along the sea-coast, with the 
exception of the unhealthy low lands of the Rio 
Doce, but in the west the lands of the interior 
are beginning to be settled by immigrants from 
Minas Geraes. The principal products of cul- 
tivation are coffee, maize, sugar, beans, man- 
dioca, rice, &c, which are almost entirely 
exported to Rio de Janeiro, through which 



ESPIEITO SANTO. 



267 



place its foreign commerce is carried on. Cof- 
fee is tlie chief article of export, and its cultiva- 
tion is rapidly increasing. 

The population is about 55,000, of which 
about 10,000 are slaves. 

The representation is one senator and one 
deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and 20 de- 
puties to the Provincial chamber. 

The military force consists of 173 soldiers, 
SO police, and 6,000 national guards. 

Public education is provided in one lyceum, 
two Latin schools, and 51 primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 130,000$ 
and the Imperial about 70,000$. 

Steam navigation is kept up by two lines of 
steamers, one trading from Rio de Janeiro to 
S. Matheus, touching likewise at Itapemirim, 
Itabapoana, Guarapary, and Victoria in this 
province, and one from Rio de Janeiro to Cara- 
vellas in Bahia, touching at Victoria. 

TOPOGEAPHY. 

Victoria, the capital, is situated in 20° 18' 30* 
south lat., and 40° 12' 30" west long., on the 
east side of the island, and has a population of 



268 



BRAZIL. 



6,000. Its port is small but good. It carries 
on no foreign trade. 

S. Matheus has about 2,500 inhabitants, and 
carries on the chief trade in niandioca of the 
province. 

Itapemirim is the shipping port of a fine sugar 
district. Near this town are a large grotto, and 
a granite rock forming a natural pyramid. 



269 



PROVINCE OF PARA. 



HISTORY, ETC. 

The first coloniser of this province was Fran- 
cisco Caldeira, who established himself in 
Belem, in 1616, the territory forming part of 
the united government of Para, Maranhao, and 
Ceara, from 1624 to 1652, when the separate 
government of Grao Para was made indepen- 
dent of Maranhao, with Rega Barreto as 
governor. In 1654 it was reunited to that 
province, until 1754, when it was definitely 
raised to a captaincy, but remained with that 
province under the government of a captain- 
general, until 1774, in which year the captain- 
generalship of Grao Para was formed of the 
captaincies of Para and Rio Negro, which 
remained united until 1850, when the province 
of Amazonas was separated from Grao Para, 
and the present limit of the province of Para 
established. 



270 



BRAZIL 



GEOGRAPHY, ETC. 

Para, the most northern maritime province of 
Brazil, is bounded on the north-east by the 
Atlantic, on the north by French Guiana; on 
the west by Amazonas, the river Neamunda 
forming, in part, the dividing line ; on the 
south by Maranhao and Goyaz, the chief 
separating lines being made by the rivers 
Gurupy, Araguaya, Vertentes, Fresco, Atoary, 
Frez Barros, Tapajoz, and Oreguatus. It lies 
between 4° 15' north latitude, and 9° 54' south 
latitude, and 45° 54' and 58° 59' west longitude. 
Its superficial extent is estimated at 39,000 
square leagues. Its capital is Belem or Para, 
on the south side of the river Pard. 

The climate, like that of all the valley of the 
Amazonas, is humid and very warm during the 
day, the nights and mornings, however, being 
quite cool. During the summer it rains almost 
every afternoon, and in winter at all hours 
of the day. The climate is not healthy for 
strangers who expose themselves to the heat 
of the sun in the low grounds near the 
rivers, which, being subject to overflow during 
several months of the year in the wet season, 



PAKA. 



271 



dysentery and intermittent fevers are prevalent, 
and yellow fever since 1849, epidemic in 
various parts of the province. Sufferers from 
elephantiasis are also found along the rivers, 
owing, as it is asserted, to the habitual use of 
the food (piraracu) found in great abundance 
in them. 

Mountains form but a small feature in the 
configuration, this province generally being 
flat ; but rising, in its more northern extreme,, 
into hills and mountainous elevations, and 
towards Mato Grosso and Goyaz into the con- 
tinuous plateau which limits the navigation of 
the rivers flowing thence. The rivers, how- 
ever, which drain the vast plains are very 
numerous, and many others of great im- 
portance flow through the province to 
discharge their waters into the ocean. Of 
these the greatest are the Atnazonas, the 
longest river in the world, which, rising in 
Peru, after flowing through Para in an easterly 
direction for 800 miles, enters the ocean at the 
equator, navigated by steamboats, 2,500 miles 
from the sea ; the Tapajoz, which, flowing for 
about 350 miles through the south-west of the 
province, empties into the Amazonas, but whose 



272 



33&AZIL. 



navigation is interrupted by falls, not far from 
Mato Grosso ; the Xingu, also a large river 
tributary to the Amazonas ; and the Tocantins, 
which, taking its course from Goyaz to the 
Amazonas through Para, forms the channel of 
communication by which Goyaz carries on its 
trade with the ocean. The Amazonas is deep 
and free from impediments to the navigation of 
vessels of even great size, and is destined to be 
the channel of a commerce exceeding even that 
of the Mississippi. So gradual is the elevation 
of its bed, that sailing vessels can ascend nearly 
to the foot of the Andes, and the tide of the 
ocean affects the river 400 miles above its 
mouth. From this arises the great bore, or as 
the natives call it, the Pororoca, which occurs 
at spring tides, when the flood, with three or 
four immense waves, attains its full height in 
two or three minutes. 

The Amazonas, about 200 miles from its 
embouchure, divides, forming a number of 
islands of great fertility, which are used as 
grazing stations for large herds of cattle. One 
of these islands, called Marajo, is nearly 180 
miles long and 450 in circumference. 

Little has been done in the examination of 



PAEA. 273 

the mineral resources of the province, yet it has 
been ascertained that gold, quicksilver, iron, 
diamonds, and coal exist. Its soil is exceed- 
ingly rich, and, favoured by the equability of 
the climate, which limits the time of seeding to 
no special season, produces three crops in the 
year. The surface is generally covered with 
splendid forests of excellent timber, and with 
trees and plants whose products are valuable in 
arts, medicine, and commerce, such as india- 
rubber, cocoa, castanhas de Para, or Para nuts, 
sarsaparilla urucu, oil of capaiva, tapioca, rice, 
millet, cotton, sugar cane, indigo, vanilla, ginger, 
jalap, ipecacuanha, cassia, cloves, pepper, &c, 
&c, with an innumerable variety of fruits 
and flowers. But, until lately, the scantiness 
of the population and this overflowing abun- 
dance of its spontaneous resources, prevented 
the development of its agriculture, by the in- 
dolence, which the ease of procuring their 
livelihood induced among the peasantry. Great 
numbers of cattle are raised in this province, 
and wide tracts of land are devoted to this 
business, in which are largely engaged the 
Messrs. James and Ambrose Campbell, the 
greatest land-owners in the province, who 

T 



274 



BRAZIL. 



inherit from their mother, a descendant of 
one of the most distinguished families in the 
empire, three large estates near Para, and one- 
fourth of the great island of Marajo. These 
gentlemen are zealous in the improvement and 
cultivation of their immense property, and 
derive great profits from the lucrative trade 
in which they are engaged, furnishing the beef 
market of Para, and even shipping cattle to 
Cayenne and Demerara. 

The chief exports are gum elastic, Brazil 
nuts, cocoa, sarsaparilla, oil of capaiva, and 
other medicinal substances, tapioca, timber, 
isinglass, hides, deer skins, &c. 

The population of the province is about 
250,000, of which about 39,000 are slaves, and 
4,000 native Indians called Tapuas, to whom 
the government affords great facility of educa- 
tion, employing persons to teach them in their 
own language. 

The representation is one senator and three 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and thirty 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of 700 soldiers, 
300 policemen, and about 23,000 national 
guards. 



PARA. 



275 



For public instruction there exist two ecclesi- 
astical schools, one in Belem and one in Obidos, 
one normal school in Para, and about 80 
primary schools throughout the province. 
Besides these there are many private schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 700,000$, 
and the Imperial 1,400,000$. 

Steam navigation is progressing with rapid 
strides ; communication being kept up with the 
maritime provinces of the empire, and also with 
Amazonas, through the river Amazonas and its 
tributaries ; the Amazon steamship company, 
who hold the exclusive right of their steam 
navigation, maintaining nine vessels, which 
trade between Belem and Chaves, Itacuan and 
Soure, once a month to each ; between Belem 
and Manaos, twice a month; between Manaos 
and Tabatinga on the frontier of Peru, once a 
month ; and between Belem and Cameta, twice a 
month. This line of steamers has done much 
for the development of the trade of the 
province, as will be seen from the following 
statistics. The steamers commenced running 
in 1853:— 



I 2 



276 



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278 



BRAZIL. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 

There are seven cities in the province Belem r 
Cameta, Santarem, Braganca, Obidos, Vigna, 
and Macapa, and three colonies, one of which,, 
established by a liberal and enterprising Bahian, 
Senr. Jose do Ode Almeida, in front of the 
capital, on the opposite side of the Gruajara, is 
prospering, benefiting alike the promoter and 
the emigrants. 

Belem, or Para, the capital of the province, 
and its port for foreign trade, is situated on the 
east side of the river Guajara, which flows into 
the river or estuary of Para. Its population is 
about 25,000. It is a well laid out town, 
macadamised roads, and possesses some fine 
buildings, such as the Palace of the Government, 
the bestinthe provinces, and the Bishop's Palace. 
There are 12 squares and 13 chapels in the city; 
but squares and chapels are alike devoid of 
elegance. The roads, however, about Belem, 
are most beautifully lined with fine trees, and 
form as perfect avenues as the eye could rest 
upon. One of especial beauty leads to the 
small chapel of Nossa Senora de Nazareth, at 
which, during the month of November, a great 



PARA. 



279 



festival takes place, lasting for fourteen days, 
and visited nightly by thousands. 

The port of Belern is large and safe, but is 
only frequented by small vessels of from 150 to 
300 tons burden. It is favourably placed for 
commerce, as it forms a depot for the export and 
import trade of the provinces of Para, Ama- 
zonas, Mato Grosso, and Goyaz. A fine road, 
100 leagues long, from this town to Santa 
Theresa in Goyaz has been made, by which the 
cattle of Goyaz can come to Belem. Belem lies 
in 1° 28' south latitude, and 48° 28' west longi- 
tude. Atalaia Point is in south latitude 0° 34', 
west longitude 47° IT 9". 

Obidos is situated on the north side of the 
river Amazonas, about 600 miles from Belem. 
Here the Government has some well-mounted 
fortifications, which are taken charge of by a 
government military colony, located close by. 
Macapa more to the north, is also noted for 
its fortifications and the good discipline main- 
tained. 



280 



Receipts at the Custom House of Para (Belem). 



Years. 


Value in Milreis. 


Years. 


Value in Milreis. 


1842-43 


3 19, 140g000 


1853-54 


1,388.6508000 


1843-44 


379.2208000 


1854-55 


1,310,0708000 


1844-45 


419,7908000 


1855-56 


987.6908000 


1845-46 


455,5508000 


1856-57 


1,269,6808000 


T O 1 £2 1*7 

1845-47 


ozo.yUUcUUU 


I0O/-O0 


i,ZoU,olUcUUU 


1847-48 


417^3608000 


1858-59 


L286,0708000 


1848-49 


409,8208000 


1859-60 


1.496,1608000 


1849-50 


519,5508000 


1860-61 


1.921,2408000 


1850-51 


810.2308000 


1861-62 


1,488,8708000 


1851-52 


800,7008000 


1862-63 


1,358,993§000 


1852-53 


841,5603000 







Foreign Trade of Para (Belem). 



Direct Imports. Exports. 



Years 




Value in Milreis. 


Years. 


Value in Milreis. 


1852- 


-53 


2,866,2398000 


1852-53 


2.605.2878000 


1853- 


-54 


4.932.9768000 


1853-54 


5,294,8318000 


1854- 


-55 


4.298.9718000 


1854-55 


3,854,8478000 


1855- 


-56 


2.912,3648000 


1855-56 


3,567,0598000 


1856- 


-57 


3,616,7208000 


1856-57 


4,055.9658000 


1857- 


-58 


3,688.6018000 


1857-58 


3,549,6318000 


1858- 


-59 


3.946,3648000 


1858-59 


3,917,1048000 


1859- 


-60 


4,709,8968000 


1859-60 


5,912,8608000 


1860- 


-61 


5,660,1478000 


1860-61 


5.341,3048000 


1861- 


-62 


3,668,0558000 


1861-62 


4,604,8518000 


1862- 


-63 


4,471,3148000 


1862-63 


5,573,7698000 



281 



Ships which Sailed from the Port of Beleni in 
1863-64. 



Number. 


Nationality. 

* 


Tons Burden. 


65 


Brazilian 


30,461 


36 


English 


7,996 


23 


Portuguese 


6,791 


19 


French. 


5,717 


12 


American 


2,450 


4 


Danish... 


656 


3 


Hanoverian 


507 


2 


Hamburg 


428 


1 


Dutch ... 


265 


1 


Swedish 


255 


166 


1 


55,526 



282 



Principal Articles Exported 



To what Countries. 


Ships. 


Tons. 


Caout- 
chouc. 


Cocoa. 




England 

United States ... 
France ... 
Portugal 
Hamburg 

Italy 

Imperial Ports . . . 

Total 


24 
36 
19 
19 
6 
1 
61 


5,618 
7,508 
5,655 
5 761 
1,126 
265 
29,593 


Arrobas. 
117,391 

83,054 
4,949 
3 382 
1,683 

18 


Arrobas. 
3,758 
2,874 
224,775 
14,272 
18^100 
4,100 
89 




166 


55,526 


211,477 


267,968 


O il of 
Capaiva. 


Deer 
Skins. 


Honey. 


Urucu. 


Isinglass. 


Sarsapa- 
rilla. 




Pounds. 
34,816 
65,144 
9,041 
30,870 

5,443 


Pounds. 
107,611 


Pounds. 

6,400 
121,477 

34,137 


Arrobas. 
2,154 
1,604 

1,134 
359 
40 


Arrobas. 
1,667 

66 

... 


Arrobas. 
15 

120 

2,342 

1,456 




145,314 


107,611 


162,014 


5,291 


1,733 


3,933 



283 



from Belera in 1863-64. 





Brazil 
Nuts. 


Goyaz 
Dry 
Hides. 


Para Dry 1 
Hides. 


Salt Hides. 


Rice in 
Husk. 


Rice 
Hulled. 




Aloe 

24,848 
32,064 
137 
7,966 
7,420 
34 
74 

72,543 


Ll 111 UU1 • 

1,258 
6,000 
9,426 
15,751 
2,886 
6,385 


1 

635 
104 
4,215 


Ponnfls; 
• • • 

523,03 
905,331 


XX J. J. \J UCIO 

69,776 
27,363 

18,561 


A rvnba «i 

76 

• • • 

41 


41,706 


4,954 


957,634 


115,700 


117 




Cotton. 


Sugar. 


Pias- 
saba. 


Cnmu- 
ru. 


Chile 
Hats. 


Quina. 


Total Value 
of Exports. 




Arrs. 
427 
3,825 

379 


Arrs. 

404 
23,188 


Arrs. 
6,247 

451 
2,989 
1,872 

262 


PouDds. 
3,435 
6,256 
535 
2,768 


Number 
61,485 


Arrs. 
457 

1,000 
100 

... 


Milreis. 
2,014,144§740 
1,781,263$735 
1,212,065§129 
451,908$23o 
151,995§876 
37,2958800 
389,823$739 


4,631 


23,592 


11,825 


13,264 


61,485 


1,00/ 


6,038,4973254 



284 



PROVINCE OF CEARA. 



HISTORY. 

The first settlement within the limits of this 
province was made by Martha Soares Moreno, 
it remaining dependent on Maranhao. It was 
afterwards united to the province of Pernambuco, 
so remaining until 1799, when, by charter of the 
17th of January, it was created a province. In 
1822, the first president, Senor Pedro Jose 
Barros, was appointed. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It lies between 2° 35' and 7° 9' south latitude, 
and 36° 41' and 40° 67' west longitude. It is 
bounded on the north and north-east by the 
ocean, on the west by Piauhy, on the south by 
Pernambuco, and on the east by Parahyba and 
Rio Grande do ISTorte. 

It has a sea-coast of upwards of 120 leagues 
and an area of 4,500 square leagues. Its capital 



CEAEA. 



285 



is Fortaleza. Its climate is warni and humid, 
close to the shore ; but in the interior it is dry 
and subject to drought. The wet season of 
February to June forms the winter of the 
province, but is very irregular in the interior. 
The heat is great in the low lands, near the coast, 
but the nights and mornings are cool and 
agreeable, while in the mountains and elevated 
regions the climate is excellent and in general 
healthy. 

The surface is very unequal. Near the coast 
the lands are low, but rise gradually to the chain 
of the Serra Ibiapaba, 2,500 feet high, which, 
commencing near to Granja, surrounds it like 
an amphitheatre nearly on three sides. This 
general configuration is, however, disturbed 
toward the middle of the maritime half of the 
province- by the hills and plateaux which lie 
between the Aracuru and Jaguaribe, and from 
which flow the minor streams that empty into 
the ocean between them. 

The Jaguaribe is the most important stream 
in the province, as, with a course of 120 leagues, 
it traverses it throughout its breadth, but it is 
shallow and interrupted by sand-banks, especially 
near its mouth. The Aracuru and Curii are 



286 



BRAZIL. 



the only others worthy of note, and many of the 
smaller rivers are completely dried up during 
the dry season. 

The minerals found are gold, silver, iron, 
copper, lead, plumbago, alum, salt, saltpetre, 
crystal, &c. 

The soil is of varied quality. The high 
grounds, slopes, and low lands of the coast are 
in general very fertile, but along the river 
courses it is frequently sandy, and in the 
interior the dryness of the seasons renders it 
unproductive. 

Large prairies covered with excellent pas- 
turage exist in the interior, on which are reared 
great numbers of horses and cattle, but fine 
forests of good timber cover some localities, 
and near the coast are found large quantities of 
the valuable palm tree, the Carnauba. Balsams, 
gums, resins, and medicinal substances, and 
vegetable tallow are in abundance. The chief 
products of cultivation are cotton, coffee, sugar, 
tobacco, castor oil, farina de mandioca, starch, 
maize, rice, beans, fruits, &c. The principal 
articles exported are cotton, coffee, sugar, 
tobacco, cattle and hides. The total value of 
the exports, both foreign and coasting, is about 



CEARA. 



287 



3,000,000$, and of the whole production of the 
province, exclusive of cattle and horses, about 
7,000,000$. The number of horned cattle in 
the province is about 450,000, and of horses and 
mules about 50,000. 

The foreign exports of Ceara amount to about 
2,300,000$, and the direct foreign imports to 
1,300,000$. 

The population of Ceara is estimated at about 
486,000, of which about 30,000 are slaves. 

The representation is made by four senators 
and eight deputies to the General Assembly, 
and thirty-two deputies to the Provincial 
Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 36 
regulars, 250 policemen, and 40,000 national 
guards. 

Public, education is provided for by 111 
primary schools, and by one Lyceum in 
Fortaleza. 

The provincial revenue is about 400,000$ an- 
nually and the Imperial about 700,000$. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. 

Steam communication is maintained twice a 
month with the chief ports north and south, 



288 



BKAZIL. 



by tlie mail steamers of the Companhia Brazil- 
eira de Paquetes, which call at the port of 
Ceara; and hy other steamers, with Maranhao, 
Pernambuco T and the intervening minor ports, 
and which also keep up intercourse with the 
ports of Aracaty, Acaracu, Mundahu, Granja, 
and Amarra9ao. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Fortaleza, or Ceara, the capital of the pro- 
vince, is situated in south latitude 3° 31', and 
west longitude 37° 4 V, in a little inlet two 
leagues from the mouth of the Ceara. It is 
the port for the foreign trade of the province, 
and has about 20,000 inhabitants. It is well 
laid out and built on a plain, and its streets are 
wide, and carefully paved. It contains several 
handsome buildings, among which are the 
president's palace, the hospital, the fine cathe- 
dral, &c. One of its seven squares is well 
planted, and the city contains besides a fountain 
and three water-reservoirs. The lighthouse is 
on the Point of Mucuripe. The port is formed 
by a short reef which, however, is of little 
service in protecting it from the Atlantic 
swell, and in consequence, when the winds blow 



CEARA. 



289 



strongly from the sea, the embarkation and 
disembarkation of goods and passengers become 
difficult and even dangerous. The foreign ex- 
ports of 1862-3 amounted to 2,283,936$, and 
the direct foreign imports to 1,298,129$. 

Aracaty, eiglit miles up the Jaguaribe, is, next 
to Fortaleza, the most important city for its 
commerce and industry. It is the depot of the 
whole valley of the Jaguaribe, and manufactures 
and exports large quantities of candles, leather, 
hats, and mats. 

Aracaru, Granja, Mundahu^ and Amarracao 
are the chief ports besides. Granja possesses 
the best port of the province. 



u 



290 



PKOVINCE OF PIAUHY. 



HISTORY. 

This province was first discovered in 1674, 
by Domingos Affonso Mafrense and Domingos 
Jorge, two adventurous explorers who esta- 
blished there about fifty large estates for the 
rearing of cattle, which estates are now the 
property of the Government, but owing to 
mismanagement, yield but little revenue. This 
province was formerly subject to the Captain- 
General of Bahia, but in 1718 was made a 
captaincy, remaining, however, subordinate to 
Maranhao until 1811, when it was separated 
entirely. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It lies between 2° 32' and 11° 17' south lati- 
tude, and 38° 38' and 45° 59' west longitude. 

It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, 
on the west and north-west by Maranhao, from 



PIAUHY. 



291 



which the river Parnahiba separates it, on the 
south by Goyaz, the Serra dos Coroados being the 
division : on the south-east, by Bahia and Per- 
nambuco, and on the east by Ceara, the Serras 
dos Dois Irmaos, da Borborema and Ibiapaba 
forming their dividing boundaries. Its greatest 
length is from north to south-west 188 leagues, 
its breadth very unequal, and its area about 
11,000 square leagues. It has only five leagues 
of sea-coast. The city of Teresina is its capital, 
Parnahiba its port. 

The climate, like that of all the northern 
provinces, is warm and humid in the low 
grounds near the rivers and lakes. In the 
interior, away from the large rivers, great 
droughts occur during the dry season, which 
usually continues from May to September. 
Along the low lands, bordering on the rivers 
and lakes, intermittent fevers are common, but 
otherwise the climate is not unhealthy, especi- 
ally on the open plains. 

The surface of the whole province is, in its 
general features, one vast plain, broken up here 
and there by hills and low mountains, which 
stretch from the right bank of the Parnahiba to 
the continuous serras which form the natural 

u 2 



292 



BKAZIL. 



boundary on the south and east. This immense 
tract is drained by the noble river Parnahiba, 
and all the tributaries which it receives on its 
right, many of the smaller streams of which, 
however, during the dry season, either dry up 
entirely, or dwindle into the merest threads, 
while many others are only navigable during 
the season of high waters. The Parnahiba itself, 
however, is an important stream, not only from 
its length, but from its navigation, giving free 
access to steamboats and small vessels up to the 
confluence of the Urussuhy, 150 leagues, and 
during the wet season, 260 leagues, and by its 
tributaries, a communication by means of barges 
and canoes to most parts of the interior of the 
province, though particularly to the south. There 
are many of these minor rivers useful only 
during high waters. 

The chief minerals found are copperas, alum- 
slate, iron, and stone of various kinds. Saltpetre 
and potash are exceedingly abundant throughout 
the province, and impregnate the soil to such 
an extent as to injure the water in some dis- 
tricts. The soil itself is fertile, but the droughts 
which prevail during the dry season confine the 
cultivation very much to the borders of the 



PIAUHY. 



293 



rivers and lakes which do not dry up, and the 
rest of the province is abandoned to the rearing 
of cattle and horses, for which the fine plains 
seem peculiarly adapted, and which forms the 
principal occupation of the people. Before 1759 
the Jesuits possessed in this province 54 cattle 
fazendas, containing 3,379 square leagues of 
land, valued at 240,0005, on which they had 
600 slaves, and about 1,500 Indians, and from 
which they derived a yearly revenue of about 
214,0005. On the expulsion of the Jesuits from 
Brazil, these cattle fazendas were taken posses- 
sion of by the Crown, and of them there now 
remain in the hands of the Government 26, with 
an area of 314f square leagues, which are stocked 
with upwards of 50,000 head of horned cattle, 
horses, mules, &c, but which, owing to bad 
management, yield but a trifling income, some 
of them even proving a loss. On these fazendas 
the Government has several hundred slaves who 
are virtually valueless under the system carried 
out, and ought either to be set free or disposed 
of to others who could make their employment 
profitable. 

The principal objects of cultivation are cotton, 
rice, tobacco, and articles for home consump- 



2D4 



BRAZIL. 



tion. The chief exports consist of cotton r 
cattle, horns, hides, hair, leather, tatagiba, 
tobacco, and isinglass. 

The exports to foreign countries amounted in 
1862-3 to 223,101$, and the direct foreign 
imports to 213,720$. A large proportion of the 
trade of the province is carried on through the 
ports of the adjoining provinces, and therefore 
the true value of the total exports is unknown. 

The population is about 175,000, including 
10,000 slaves. 

The representation is one senator and three 
deputies to the General Assembly, and twenty- 
four deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of about 400 
soldiers, 250 police, and 20,000 national guards. 

Public education is provided for by one 
normal school and 36 primary schools; and 
there is an institution for the teaching of trades 
to boys. 

The provincial revenue is about 190,000$ r 
and the Imperial about 150,000$. 

Steam navigation exists on the Parnahiba r 
and between the town of Parnahiba and 
Maranhao. 



PIAUHY. 



295 



TOPOGRAPHY. 

The chief towns are Teresina, the capital; 
Parnahiba, the foreign shipping port of the 
province ; and Oeiras, the former capital. 

Teresina, since 1852 the capital of the pro- 
vince, is situated in south latitude 5° 40', west 
longitude 41° 59' near the east side of the river 
Parnahiba, has a population of about 9,000, 
and, in spite of the unhealthiness of its location, 
is progressing rapidly. 

Oeiras, the former capital, is situated on the 
Caninde, about the middle of the province. 
Placed in an unproductive district, it is rapidly 
decaying. 

Parnahiba, in south latitude 2° 53', west 
longitude 41° 38', is situated on the Iguarassii 
branch of the Parnahiba, about 4 leagues froni 
the ocean. It is the commercial port of the 
province, and in it is the custom-house. It is 
very subject to intermittent fevers, owing to its 
unhealthy site, but is, nevertheless, growing 
rapidly, and is the most populous town of the 
province. 



296 



PROVINCE OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTE. 



HISTORY. 

This province, deriving its name from the Rio 
Potengi, which was called by the first dis- 
coverers Rio Grande, formed part with Maran- 
hao of the grant to Sen r . Joao de Barros, hut 
was not colonised until 1599, when Jeronvmo 
d' Albuquerque, acting under orders of the 
Governor-General of Brazil, commenced the 
foundation of the town of Natal. About 1635, 
the town and country fell into the hands of the 
Dutch, who remained possessors until 1654. 
It remained subject to the Governor of Pernam- 
buco until 1818, when it was made a distinct 
province. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It is bounded on the west by Ceara and Para- 
hyba, from which the Serra of Apodi separates 
it; on the south by Parahyba; and on the 
north-east by the ocean. It has about 75 leagues 



KIO GRANDE DO NORTE. 



297 



of coast, and an area of 1,500 leagues. It lies 
between 4° 43' and 6° 39' south latitude, and 
34° 53' and 37° 24' west longitude. Its capital 
is Natal. 

The climate is hot, particularly in the low 
lands, where the days and nights are of almost 
equal temperature, but in the high lands of the 
interior the air is pure and dry, and the climate 
in general very healthy* In the plains of the 
western part of the province the droughts are 
great and destructive, that of 1845-6 having 
destroyed almost all the cattle of the province. 

Mountains are but a small feature, the only 
ones of importance being the range on the 
western boundary, and the Serra Borborema, 
between the forks of the Piranhas, and some 
smaller ones near Natal. 

The surface rises from the sea-coast, where it 
is low and sandy, particularly in the north, to 
the elevated plains, which, at some distance in 
the interior, stretch on to the mountains in the 
south, and on the western boundary, the slope 
to the seaward being drained by innumerable 
rivers of no great length, and the great plains 
on the north and west and the broken lands of 
the south by the more important rivers Apodi 



298 



BRAZIL. 



and Piranhas. Besides these two rivers, the 
chief ones are the Aguaniare, Cearainirim, 
Cunhahu, Guajahi, Potengi, Serido, and Trary, 
which are navigated chiefly with lar^e canoes 
and barges at high stage of water. The ports 
also are small and shallow, and unfitted for the 
development of a large and important export 
trade. Metals have been found, hitherto but 
in small quantities, also crystal, amianthus, 
various kinds of building stone, and particularly 
salt. 

The soil near the shore is sandy and covered 
with cocoa-nut trees, but the province possesses 
a fine soil, though its productiveness is injured 
by the droughts. Many forests of fine buildiug 
timber exist, and gums, resins, balsams, Brazil 
wood, medicinal roots, wild honey, cochineal, 
and wax, are found in abundance. The chief 
articles of cultivation are cotton, sugar, and 
articles of food, and in the interior are reared 
lar°;e herds of horses and cattle. The chief 
exports are cotton, sugar, cattle, and hides, salt, 
Brazil wood, and Carnaiiba tallow, and fibre. 
The foreign trade is principally carried on 
through Pernambuco, owing to the want of good 
ports. 



EIO GRANDE DO NORTE. 



299 



The foreign exports of 1862-3 were 472,609$, 
and the direct foreign imports 3,726$. 

The population is about 210,000, including 
20,000 slaves. 

The representation is one senator and two 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and 22 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force is about 100 police, and 
20,000 national guards. 

Public education is provided for by 48 pri- 
mary schools, five advanced schools, and one 
lyceum. 

The provincial revenue is about 80,000$, and 
the imperial 80,000$. 

Steam navigation exists between Natal and 
Pernambuco on the south, and Fortaleza on the 
north, touching at various intermediate ports> 
including the port of Assii. 

TOPOGRAPHY . 

Natal \ the city and capital of the province, is 
situated in south latitude 5° 45' and west longi- 
tude 35° 13' 15" on the south side of the river 
Potengi, or Eio Grande do Norte, about one 
league from the coast. Its port is a kind of 



300 



BKAZIL. 



bay between the city and the Fort of Reis 
Magos, and would be one of the most valuable 
in Brazil were the banks of sand formed by the 
river Potengi removed, so as to allow the en- 
trance of larger vessels into that river. Natal 
is the foreign shipping port of the province, 
but carries on but a small direct foreign trade, 
amounting, in 1862-3, to only 472,609$ ex- 
ported, and 3,726$ imported. 

The ports of Assu and Macau are the two 
other chief ports. Macau exports a large 
quantity of salt. The reef which surrounds 
nearly the whole coast shelters a number of 
other small ports and inlets, from which is 
carried on a coasting trade with Xatal and other 
places. 



301 



PROVINCE OF SAO PAULO. 



HISTOKY. 

This province formed part of the grant made 
in 1535 to Martim AfFonso de Souza and his 
brother Pedro Lopes de Souza, which was known 
as the captaincy of S. Vincente, from its capital 
S. Vincente, founded in 1531 by Martim AfFonso 
de Souza, until 1710, when Joao V., having pur- 
chased the districts of Minas Geraes and S. Paulo y 
formed them into a captaincy-general with the 
town of S. Paulo as capital. In 1748, when the 
captaincies of Goyaz and Mato Grosso were 
dismembered from this captaincy -general, it 
was abolished and the government of S. Paulo 
subordinated to that of Rio de Janeiro, but in 
1765, S. Paulo was removed from under this 
jurisdiction, and again given a captain-general. 
The first president after the Independence of 
Brazil was the Visconde de Cono;onhas. 

The Paulists, descended from the European 



302 BRAZIL. 

colonists and the aborigines with whom they 
intermarried, were bold enterprising adven- 
turers, who scoured the interior of Brazil, in 
the search for gold and slaves, thinking no 
hardship or toil too great to be endured, and 
thus caused the earlv settlement of manv of the 
internal provinces. They were also reckless, 
bloodthirsty men, grasping at gain at any cost 
of life to themselves or others, and became for 
very many years, in despite of reiterated orders 
from the kings, the terror of the Indians of the 
interior, and of the Jesuit Missions on the 
Paraguay, sacking and destroying their villages, 
and carrying off their inhabitants into slavery. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It lies between 20° and 25° 0' south latitude, 
and 44° 18' and 53° 23' west longitude. It is 
bounded on the north by Minas, the Serra da 
Mantiqueira, Serra do Lopo, aud the Bio 
Grande separating them on the west by Goyas 
and Mato Grosso, and Parana dividing them ; 
on the south by Parana, the Parana Pauema 
and its tributary the Itarere forming the o-reat 
part of the boundary ; and on the south-east by 



SAO PAULO. 



303 



tlie ocean. It is about 95 leagues from north 
to south, 170 from east to west, and has an 
area of about 11,000 square leagues. 

The capital of the province is Sao Paulo, but 
its custom-house and port for foreign commerce 
are at Santos. 

The climate of the interior in general is tem- 
perate and agreeable to Europeans and is very 
healthy, except in the low lands near the coast, 
where it is hot and humid in summer and liable 
to fevers. Goitre is found in the coldest parts, 
and in some localities elephantiasis is not un- 
common among the negroes and poorest classes. 

The greater part of the province is elevated, 
but not mountainous, except in the south-east, 
where the Serra Geral, or Serra do Mar, runs, 
under different names, nearly parallel with the 
sea, throughout the province, dividing it into 
its two great watersheds, and descending almost 
abruptly into the low lands along the sea-coast, 
but forming on the north-west the elevated 
plateau that stretches on to the Parana and 
Parnahiba. 

The rivers on the sea-coast are all small, the 
Tguape being the only one of any pretensions ; 
but on the north-western slope flow a number 



304 



BRAZIL. 



of important rivers, which, receive many tribu- 
taries and empty into the Parana. Of these 
the most northern is the Grande, which takes 
its rise in the Minas Geraes, and forms for 
90 leagues the boundary between Minas Geraes 
and Sao Paulo. South of the Grande is the 
Tiete, which, originating in the Serra do Mar, 
near to the city of Sao Paulo, and flowing west- 
ward through nearly the whole breadth of the 
province, was the channel by which the Paulists 
in former years carried on their intercourse 
with the interior provinces of Mato Grosso and 
Goyaz, and with the Spanish settlements on the 
Parana and Paraguay. South of this river, 
and, like it, having its head waters from the 
Serra Geral, flows the Parana Panema, which 
empties into the Parana, forming, with its tribu- 
tary the Itarere, nine-tenths of the southern 
boundary. These, with their tributaries, and 
the minor streams which flow into the Parana, 
offer, together with the Parana, facilities for a 
most extended intercourse, were the falls and 
rapids which injure their navigation removed or 
improved. In the Parana, however, exist the 
two great falls of the Urubii Punga and Sete 
quedas (seven falls), the former about south 



SAO PAULO. 



305 



latitude 20° 32' and the latter at the Serra do 
Maracajii, which form complete barriers to the 
passage of vessels. 

There are several islands along the coast, the 
most important of which are, Ilha dos Porcos, 
S. Sebastiao, S. Amaro, S. Vincente, Cananea, 
and Ilha do mar Pequeno. 

The mineral wealth of Sao Paulo is great, 
the gold mines alone having produced, up to 
the end of the last century, nearly 70 tons of 
gold. Iron abounds in all parts, and particu- 
larly in the metalliferous mountains of Ipanema 
(where there is a Government foundry), and 
Araassoiva, and copper, silver, precious stones, 
anthracite, and bituminous schist. 

The soil is rich and very productive, and, 
besides native timber of excellent quality, pro- 
duces all European plants, but the great products 
of agriculture are coffee, sugar, tobacco, tea, 
cotton, and breadstuffs. Coffee, though suffer- 
ing since 1861 from the coffee-blight, has had 
especial development, even to the supersedere 
in some localities of the culture of sugar-cane. 

Great numbers of horned cattle, horses, 
mules, and swine are reared, and form important 
items in the trade of the province. The chief 

x 



BEAZIL. 



articles of export are coffee, sugar, rice, tea y 
spirits, timber, bacon, cattle, horses, mules, 
hides, &c; amounting in 1861-2 to 16,529,310$. 
In 1862-3, the value of the foreign exports was 
8,412,972$; and of the direct foreign imports, 
2,018,804$. 

The population is about 800,000, of whom 
60,000 are slaves. 

The representation is four senators and nine 
deputies to the imperial assembly, and thirty- 
six deputies to the provincial chamber. 

The military force consists of the police, 552 
men, the garrison corps, 127 men, a cavalry 
company of about fifty men, and about 40,000 
national guards. 

Public education is supplied in three semi- 
naries, one normal and 211 primary schools. 
Besides these there are about 120 private 
schools, 11 schools for preparing law students, 
the Faculdade de Direito (Inns of Law), the 
Episcopal seminary, and some church schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 1,200,000$, 
and the imperial about 1,600,000$. 



SAO PAULO. 



307 



MEASS OF COMMUNICATION. 

Besides the aid derived from the rivers 
flowing west, and roads of communication with 
all the provinces surrounding, this province has 
a railway from Santos to Jundiahy, intended to 
connect Santos with Minas Geraes. 

Starting; from Santos the road runs to the 
Cubatao river over a swampy country, unpopu- 
lated, and without any present apparent powers 
of production, except rice and reptiles, at first 
upon a road and bridge constructed by the 
government to connect Santos with terra firma. 
Four miles from Cubatao the land becomes 
more elevated at Mugy, a large " campo " 
purchased by Mr. Sharpe, where he has a 
private residence. This must eventually be- 
come a most valuable property, it being the 
only land available for agriculture between 
Santos and the foot of the serra. Here you 
have the mountain gorge before you whose 
ascent of 2,600 feet of perpendicular height, 
gives the S. Paulo railway so emphatic a cha- 
racter. 



308 



BKAZIL. 



Passing over the Mugy river you arrive 
quickly at the foot of the gorge formed by the 
two out-jutting spurs of the buttress-like moun- 
tain, and the black defiant ravine is suggestive 
of anything but a railway course. Here the 
line climbs boldly up the side of the Mugy 
spur, at a usual ascent of one in ten, crossing 
mountain torrents, leaping gloomy chasms, 
cutting through solid rocks, holding hard on 
to every foot gained, until it attains a resting- 
place upon the table land, 2,600 feet high, after 
five miles of gigantic excavations, removing 
1,100,000 cubic yards of granite rock and 
earth. 

Here we must give a slight idea of how this 
daring plan is utilized, which was at one time 
laughed at as an engineering impossibility, and 
which even yet stands pre-eminent among 
similar works. 

This entire and almost straight ascent of 
upwards of five miles is divided into four 
"lifts" of about a mile and a quarter each, 
having a level platform of some 400 feet in 
length between them. On these lifts, as in 
general on all the line, the track is single, 



SAO PAULO. 



309 



except at the tipper half, where it is doubled 
to admit of the ascending and descending trains 
passing each other. At the upper end of each 
platform is placed a powerful stationary engine 
of 200 horse-power, whose two cylinders are 
26 inches diameter and 5 feet stroke, calculated 
to haul up 50 tons at the rate of ten miles an 
hour, which are supplied by five Cornish 
boilers, three of which suffice for the duty. 

A steel wire rope, tested to a strength far 
exceeding the requirements which will ever 
be made upon it, passes over a friction- wheel 
on each side of the fly-wheel drum upon which 
it is wrapped round, and, one end being attached 
to an ascending and the other to a descending 
train, it is intended to make the " lift " par- 
tially self-acting, as it now wholly is at one of 
the inclines which is not supplied with its sta- 
tionary engine, the weight of the descending 
train drawing up the ascending one. Power- 
ful breaks that will stop a train instantly are 
supplied to guard against a breaking down of 
any part of the machinery, or a rupture of the 
rope. From this short description our readers 
can form an idea of the mechanical contrivances 
for effecting the ascent. 



310 



BRAZIL. 



Throughout these wonderful inclines the most 
majestic and wild scenery is observed along the 
slightly winding way. On the third lift occurs 
a ravine still more gloomy than the rest, which 
is called the Boca do Inferno (Mouth of Hell); 
that, having a width of 900 feet, is crossed by 
an iron viaduct, which lies on rows of iron 
columns resting on stone piers 200 feet below 
in the centre of the line. 

The system pursued in railway making in the 
United States should be followed here. When- 
ever a part of the line is ready for traffic let the 
public have the immediate benefit of it, at the 
same time that the contractor is not relieved 
from his twelve months' responsibility for keep- 
ing up its condition. 

We are firmly convinced that the greater part 
of the premium held out to the contractors for 
the completion of the line before the stipulated 
time has been expended, for the engineer of 
the contractors, Mr. Henderson, spares neither 
money nor men in carrying out the works to 
Jundiahy, and on many portions of the line they 
are working with torch-lights at night. He is 
now completing a line which, for solidity and 



SAO PAULO. 



311 



permanency, may compete with any one in 
Europe, and it is exceedingly pleasant to find 
such rare frankness as he exhibits in showing to 
every one that seeks it his plans, the cost of 
construction, and his practical and theoretic 
ideas thereon. 

The benefits that will be derived by the 
country from this railway must be enormous, 
and the sooner it is used the better for all. We 
see from the statistics of the toll bridge of 
Cubatao that the great number of 513,542 mules 
crossed it, paying a toll of 115,043^900, during 
the past year, and, in addition to a great mass 
of other articles up and down, 26,178 tons of 
coffee passed over in the same period. All this 
great amount of produce must travel by the 
railway once it is opened, and so great will be 
the advantages of its speedy opening, and the 
saving of interest and guarantee upon the 
,£1,800,000 it will cost, that we cannot doubt 
the Government will not permit any delay in 
carrying out this object of its construction. 
We feel sure that when once in operation the 
shareholders will have no need to call upon the 
Government for any portion of the 7 per cent, 
guarantee, and we trust that they will feel 



312 



BRAZIL. 



encouraged to carry on the line at least to 
• Campinas, which is the finest coffee-growing 
district in the province. 

The cultivation of cotton also promises to 
become a main source of wealth to the province, 
and of traffic to the railway. This year an 
enormous increase has taken place in its produc- 
tion, the season's crop amounting to 9,600,000/., 
and, what is of great importance, the fazendeiros 
have acquired the conviction that its culture 
brings a certain and remunerative return; a 
result mainly due to the untiring exertions of 
Messrs. Aubertin and Hutchings. No one can 
speak of the progress of this great staple in the 
province without associating with its relation 
the names of these two English gentlemen. 

Recognising at once the great capacity of 
S. Paulo for its growth, and the enormous 
benefits to the province and the company they 
represent, which its cultivation would induce, 
they took advantage of a position bringing them 
into daily and intimate relations with the 
authorities, and with the most influential and 
spirited inhabitants of the province, to point out 
and impress upon them the great advantages of 
this crop as a staple of S. Paulo. Instructions, 



SAO PAULO. 



313 



and useful and encouraging information, have 
been disseminated amongst them through the 
varied and valuable writings of Mr. Aubertin. 
Seed of the best qualities, procured by Mr. 
Hutchings through the Manchester Cotton As- 
sociation, has been distributed to the planters. 

Success has followed their endeavours; and 
their goodwill and friendly desire to promote 
the prosperity of the province are fully acknow- 
ledged by the Paulenses, amongst whom they 
are deservedly popular. Indeed the Eailway 
Company and the contractors have been un- 
usually fortunate in the selection of all their 
officials, and we rejoice to find such men, and 
such charming and cultivated ladies as their 
wives, brought in contact with the hospitable 
but somewhat proud and Asiatic Paulense 
fazendeiro. 

The Paulense is sociable and intelligent, and, 
when men of suavity, talent, and literary powers, 
such as we find among the officials of the rail- 
way, throw themselves heart and soul into the 
promotion of industrial progress and good feel- 
ing, we may safely expect that the results will 
not be diminutive, whether socially, commer- 
cially, or politically. 



314 



BRAZIL. 



Steam Navigation is kept up between Santos 
and Rio de Janeiro and the ports north and 
south by the steam packet companies and by 
other steamers which call at Santos. 



315 



PROVINCE OF ALAGOAS. 



HISTORY. 

The territory of this province formed part of 
the grant made to Duarte Coelho Pereira, the 
donatorio of Pernambuco, and, during the Dutch 
invasion, it shared the same fate as that pro- 
vince. After the expulsion of the Dutch it 
remained a district of Pernambuco ; but, in 
1817, was erected into a separate province with 
the town of Alagoas as capital, which town was, 
in 1839, superseded by Maceio, the present 
capital. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

This province lies between 8° 50' and 10° 15' 
south latitude and 35° 6' and 37° 49' west longi- 
tude. It is bounded on the north and west by 
Pernambuco, the dividing line being formed by 
the rivers Persinunga, Una, Jacuipy and Ta- 
quara, the serra Pellada, and by the Moxoto, a 



316 



BRAZIL. 



tributary of the S. Francisco : on the south bv 
the province of Sergipe, being separated there- 
from by the S. Francisco, and on the east by 
the Atlantic. It has a sea-coast extension of 
56 leagues, and a superficies of 1,200 square 
leagues. 

The climate in the low part of the province 
is very humid in consequence of the numerous 
lakes, but is healthy away from these and from 
the borders of the river of S. Francisco, where 
some intermittent fevers occur during the wet 
season. 

No mountains of any great elevation are 
found in the province except at the extreme 
north-east end. Near the coast the lands are 
low and sandy, but towards the interior, rising 
into fertile hills and high lands. 

It is intersected by many rivers, which have 
in general an easterly course, and by a number 
of lakes which run north and south, commu- 
nicating with one another and the rivers by 
shallow channels. These rivers are of little 
importance, only admitting boats for a short 
distance, except the large river of S. Francisco, 
on the southern boundary, which is navigable 
to Piranhas, 38 leagues from the sea. 18 leagues 



ALAGOAS. 



317 



above this place is the great Brazilian cataract 
Paulo Affonso, where the river descends 150 feet. 

The lakes are navigable to some extent, and 
afford means of transport by small craft, but 
might at a slight expense be made available for 
steamboats of little draught, thus diminishing 
the enormous cost of carriage of the staples of 
the interior, sometimes amounting to one-half 
their value. 

The mineral wealth does not seem to be great, 
though gold, amianthus, and other valuable 
substances have been found, and also anthra- 
cite, bituminous schist, granite, sandstone, and 
ochres. 

The lands away from the sea-coast are ex- 
tremely fertile, and are covered with splendid 
forests of excellent timber, except where cleared 
for cultivation. Among some of the richest and 
most productive localities of the province are 
the district of Atalaia and the domains of Si- 
nimbu, whose owners are endeavouring to intro- 
duce new and improved modes of husbandry, 
which, it is to be hoped, will be the initiative to 
further much-needed improvements throughout 
the province, not only as regards agriculture, 
but in the equally important object of facilita- 



318 



BRAZIL. 



ting and cheapening the transmission of the 
products of the country, and of the articles of 
importation required in the interior. 

Brazil wood and various gums, resins, oils,, 
and a coarse native silk, are found in abun- 
dance. Almost everything will grow, but the 
chief articles of culture are cotton, sugar, and 
tobacco, which, with timber, constitute the prin- 
cipal articles of export. 

The foreign exports of 1862-3 amounted to 
4,765,460$, and the direct foreign imports 
to 103,753$. 

A large coasting trade in foreign and native 
goods is carried on with Pernambuco and 
Bahia. 

The population is about 250,000, including 
about 45,000 slaves. 

The representation is made by two senators 
and five deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and 
by 30 deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of 128 regulars,. 
152 national guards on duty, and 149 police, 
in all, 429 men on duty, and about 25,000* 
national guards in reserve. 

Public education is provided for by 84 primary 
schools. 



ALAGOAS. 



319 



The provincial revenue is about 400,000$ r 
and the Imperial about 470,000$. 

Steam navigation, though calculated to be of 
great benefit to the province, has been neglected 
hitherto, but of late a company has been esta- 
blished to place small steamers on the chief 
lakes. 

The mail steamers from Para to Eio de 
Janeiro, call at Maceio, and keep up a half- 
monthly communication with the chief northern 
and southern ports of the empire. Further 
intercourse is maintained with Bahia and the 
intervening ports by a Bahian line ; and with 
Pernambuco, from Penedo, by a Pernambuco 
line, which proceeds between Aracaju, in Ser- 
gipe, and Pernambuco, touching at various 
ports. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Maceio, the capital of the province, is situated 
in 9° 39' 18' south latitude, and 35° 41' 24' west 
longitude, on an eminence facing the sea, and is 
almost concealed from view by the luxuriant 
vegetation in which it is embowered. It con- 
tains about 3,000 houses, and a population of 



320 



BRAZIL. 



18,000. It possesses a fine cathedral, an elegant 
Palace of the Assembly, an office for the in- 
spection of cotton, a lighthouse, and three 
landing stages for goods. Until 1839, Maceio, 
though the shipping port, had no custom-house, 
this being located at Alagoas, then the capital 
of the province. In consequence, great delay 
took place in the loading and discharge of 
vessels. In the above year, however, the illus- 
trious statesman, Sen 1 '. Cansancao de Sinimbu, 
who is a native of the province, proposed and 
carried the law changing the capital to Maceio, 
despite the strong opposition of the land-owners 
of the old city, and thus essentially benefited 
the commerce of the province. 

The harbour of Maceio is an open roadstead^ 
protected in some degree by the reef outside 
from the force of the ocean waves, but exposed 
to storms from all quarters, the lands in the 
neighbourhood having but little elevation. The 
water deepens slowly from the low sandy beach, 
and vessels have to lie off at some distance and 
discharge into barges, receiving cargo in the 
same manner, the expense of which is very 
great. Maceio is the only port open to the 
foreign trade. Both the import and export 



ALAGOAS. 



321 



commerce is carried on through the merchants 

of Bahia and Pernambuco. 

In 1862-3 the direct foreign imports 

amounted to 103,732$ 
„ the foreign imports coast- 
wise amounted to 1,518,684 
„ the national imports coast- 
wise amounted to 272,962 
„ the national exports coast- 
wise amounted to 507,985 
, the national exports abroad 

amounted to 4,766,306 

Total, 7,169,669$ 
The city of Alagoas, until 1839 the capital 
of the province, is situated on the south side of 
the lake Mandau, in the centre of a very fertile 
district. Its population is about 8.000. 

The city of Penedos is built on the north side 
of the S. Francisco, eio;ht leagues from the sea. 
From its situation it is destined to be an im- 
portant commercial point, especially after the 
finishing of the railroads from Bahia and Per- 
nambuco to the S. Francisco. 



Y 



322 



PROVINCE OF RIO DE JANEIRO. 



HISTOEY. 

This province was conferred as a gift on 
Martim AfFonso de Souza, who built, in 1552, a 
small fort near the Sugarloaf in the Bay of 
Rio Janeiro. Having, however, neglected its 
further colonisation, some French Huguenots, 
under the command of Admiral Yillegaignon, 
established in 1556 a strong fortress in this 
bav, on an island which still bears his name. 
The French settlers were well received by the 
neighbouring Indians, the Tamoyes, who were 
at enmitv with the Portuguese, but their 
friendly relations caused alarm to D. Joao III. r 
and he ordered the expulsion of these colonists,, 
which was effected by the Governor of Bahia, 
Mem de Sa, in 1567, after which a colony of 
Portuguese was placed at Beira da Misericordia. 
In 1572 D. Sebastiao divided Brazil, making 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



323 



two capitals, that of St. Sebastiao do Eio de 
Janeiro in the southern half, and that of Bahia 
in the northern division. Four years afterwards 
this order was rescinded, and Bahia became as 
formerly the capital of Brazil. In 1711 Eio 
Janeiro was again taken by a French squadron 
under Duguay Trouin, who exacted as ransom 
610,000 cruzados, and 500 boxes of sugar, 
besides large contributions of cattle and other 
things from individuals. Despite of these and 
other struggles the province prospered, and in 
1763 the Vice-royalty was removed from Bahia 
to Eio Janeiro. In 1808 the royal family of 
Portugal, forced to leave in consequence of the 
French invasion, came to Eio, and thus gave a 
strong impulse to the enrichment and growth of 
the city, which remained the capital of the 
province until 1834, when Netherohy was 
selected. The first president of the province of 
Eio Janeiro was the Viscount of Itaborahy. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



The territorial limits extend from 21° 35' to 
23° 25' south latitude, and from 40° 58' to 45° T 
west longitude. It is bounded on the north 

y 2 



324 



BRAZIL. 



by Espirito Santo, from which it is separated 
by the river Itabapuana ; on the north and 
north-west by Minas Geraes, separated there- 
from by the rivers Preto and Parahyba and by 
the mountains of Mantigueira, on the south-west 
by the province of S. Paulo, and on the south 
and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean. The 
whole province contains about 2,400 square 
leagues. 

The capital is Nitherohy, but its foreign port 
is Rio de Janeiro. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate is in general temperate and very 
agreeable, but varies greatly according to loca- 
lity and elevation. The high districts are very 
healthy, but in low marshy places there are 
often cases of intermittent fever during the 
months of December, January, and February. 

The province is very mountainous, and is in- 
tersected by numerous rivers. The coast has 
got some good ports, but all produce must go 
to Rio de Janeiro for foreign export. The prin- 
cipal ports are Angra dos Reis, St. J oao da Barra, 
Mangaratiba Cabo Frio, Macahe, and Rio de 
Janeiro. The chief rivers are the Macahe, 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 325 

Itabapuana, and Parahyba. The last receives 
many small rivulets, runs through Campos, and 
empties into the ocean at St. Joao da Barra. 
It is navigable as far as St. Fideles, and small 
steamers run every day between that place 
and St. Joao da Barra. The chief mountains 
are the Macau, Santa Anna, Manga Larga, and 
the Orgaos (organs), this last running from 
east to west. 

The largest island on the coast is Ilha Grande, 
four leagues in breadth, which is very produc- 
tive, and is situated about 16 leagues from the 
mouth of the Bay of Rio Janeiro. 

The island of Marambaya, about nine leagues 
westward of Kio, is about seven leagues in 
length. At the east end of the shore of Maram- 
baya is the great point of Guaratiba, where 
begins the range of mountains that surrounds 
the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. From this you may 
see the Gavea at a distance of six leagues to the 
E.N.E., which mountain is remarkable for its 
size, and is unlike any other about the entrance 
of the harbour, .when approaching from the 
south. 

The island of Sebastiao is about four leagues 
long in its greatest extent, and its mountains 



326 



BRAZIL. 



are as elevated as those of the continent, from 
which it is separated by the Gullet or Strait, 
which forms a most useful roadstead for 
vessels, being so protected by the high lands 
that the water is as smooth as a pond. A late 
survey has, however, discovered many sub- 
merged rocks not laid down in any existing 
chart. There are a few more small islands in 
the Bay of Angra dos Reis. 

The Ilha da Raza, on which is placed a light- 
house, is close to the entrance to the Bay of 
Rio, and may be seen at a distance of many 
leagues, and in the bay itself are the islands of 
Paqueta, Governador, and some others. 

The most important capes are Ponta Negra, 
St. Thome, and Cabo Frio. 

AGRICULTURE. 

• 

This province produces almost all kinds of 
tropical and temperate plants. Among them 
are coffee, cotton, sugar-cane, mandioca, to- 
bacco, ipecacuanha, rice, cacao, potatoes, and 
most of the vegetables cultivated in Europe. 
Among the fruits are mango, banana, guaiba, 
pine-apple, cajii, orange, bread-fruit, tamarinds, 
sweet and sour lemons, &c. Coffee is the 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



327 



greatest staple of tlie province, and is the most 
lucrative to the planter. It was first intro- 
duced in 1770 from Para and Maranham, by 
the Chancellor Joao Alberto Castello-Branco. 
A celebrated Portuguese writer, Monsenhor 
Pizarro, says, the cultivation of this plant was 
prohibited in Brazil, under the penalty of death, 
during the reign of D. Manoel, but that this 
outrageous law was repealed after his death. 
Since that time the culture of this important 
staple has yearly augmented, as the statistics of 
the exports of coffee from this province will 
show. The decrease which has taken place since 
1860 was caused by partial failure in the yield. 

The statistics of the export include not only 
the production of this province, but also a part 
of that from some others, the proportion re- 
spectively being about — 
79 per cent, for the province of Kio de Janeiro. 

8 „ „ „ Minas Geraes. 

11 „ „ „ St. Paulo. 

2 „ „ „ Espirito Santo. 

The value of the coffee of the pro- 
vince exported to foreign countries was, in 
1860, 5,660,522/. ; 1862, 3,675,744/. ; 1863, 
5,506,133/. 



328 BEAZIL. 



Coffee. — Exports from the 


province of Rio de Janeiro. 


Years. 


Arrobas. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


1817-18 


318,032 


... 


... 


1818-19 


371,345 






1819-20 


269,574 


... 


... 


1820-21 


539,000 






1826-27 


1,304,450 


• • » 




1827-28 


1,754,500 


.. . 




1828-29 


1,845,735 






1829-30 


1,875,535 




... 


1830-31 


1,958,925 




... 


1831-32 


2,241,245 




-v.- " 


1832-33 


2,394,550 






1833-34 


2,808,460 




. * 


1834-35 


2,803,795 


... 




1835-36 


3,237,190 


... 


... 


1836-37 


3,579,465 




• • • 


1837-38 


3,285,025 




• • . 


1838-39 


3,833,480 


... 


. . . 


1839-40 


4,446,620 


... 




1840-41 


4,982,221 


3S519 


17,544,647^ 


1841-42 


5,482,731 


3$286 


18,002,2888 


1842-43 


5,843,476 


2$902 


16,929,581? 


1843-44 


6,206,841 


2$878 


17,780,7498 


1844-45 


6.052,771 


28811 


17,087,477$ 


1845-46 


6,720,221 


38028 


20,446,8468 


1846-47 


7,598,864 


23761 


21,028,9108 


1847-48 


9,201,355 


2$632 


24,237,0263 


1848-49 


8,258,046 


23502 


20,735,398$ 


1849-50 


5,706,833 


3$866 


22,059,5188 


1853-54 


8,063,033 


43071 


32,828,3288 


1854-55 


11,900,790 


38737 


44,471,628$ 


1858-59 


9,972,347 


43539 


45,269,413$ 
51,319,178$ 
71,908,3143 


1859-60 


8,573,063 


5$986 


1860-61 


13,054,061 


5S508 


1861-62 1 


8,162,191 


588% 


48,124,558$ 


1862-63 


6,891,872 


6$576 


45,324,1108 



EIO DE JANEIRO. 



329 



Sugar comes next to coffee in importance as 
a product of this province. According to the 
testimony of different writers, the sugar-cane 
readily acclimated, and its culture was easily 
carried on, and yielded large profits to the 
cultivator. 

The number of sugar houses in this province 
was : — 

In 1661 at above 100 
„ 1711 „ 136 
„ 1852 „ 792 
„ 1860 „ 980 
The export to foreign countries has not in- 
creased during the last fifteen years, but that to 
the other provinces and the home consumption 
have greatly augmented. The production has 
not kept pace with the increase in some other 
articles, the cultivation of sugar-cane being 
comparatively neglected for that of coffee. The 
annual yield of sugar is estimated at about 
21,424 tons, worth, in 1862, about £430,000. 



330 



BRAZIL. 



Sugar of the Province of Rio de Janeiro. — Total Exports, 
Foreign and Coastwise. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Years. 


Arrobas. 


1711-12 


353,500 


1837-38 


894,138 


1827-28 


1,173,000 


1838-39 


1,002,538 


1828-29 


1,146.264 


1839-40 


996,284 


1829-30 


1,200,764 


1840-41 


673,832 


1830-31 


1,302.924 


1 O A 1 A O 

1841-42 


500,000 


1831-32 


1,100^200 


1842-43 


600,000 


1832-33 


832,250 


1843-44 


600,000 


1833-34 


856,694 


1844-45 


600,000 


1834-35 


901,930 


1845-46 


600,000 


1835-36 


1,149,990 


1854-55 


507,935 


1836-37 


1,087,440 







Sugar. — Exports to Foreign Countries. 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Value in Milreis. 


1846-47 


359,067 


• . • 


1847-48 


383,026 




1848-49 


230,752 




1849-50 


448,527 


880,237$ 


1850-51 


579,043 




1851-52 


625,205 




1853-54 


448,437 


893,174 


1854-55 


383,014 


1.058,795 


1858-59 


636,250 


1,842,757 


1859-60 


171,599 


629,896 


1860-61 


127,043 


486,504 


1861-62 


671,106 


1,777,213 


1862-63 


448,785 


1,177,556 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



331 



The population is estimated at about 850,000, 
including 200,000 slaves. 

The representation^ including that of the 
municipality of Bio de Janeiro, is six senators 
and twelve deputies to the Imperial assembly, 
and 45 provincial deputies to the provincial 
chamber. 

The military force consists of about 400 
police, 2,000 soldiers, and 43,000 national 
guards. 

Public instructionis given in one normal school, 
four secondary for languages, and 164 primary 
schools, including four German at Petropolis. 
Besides these are 47 private colleges, and above 
200 private primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 3,700,000^ 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

Besides many bridle and carriage roads 
running in all directions, this province has some 
short canals, namely, those of Mage, Itaguahy, 
Nogueira, and that from Campos to Macahe. 

The railroads are, the Pedro Se^undo, 
intended to join Bio de Janeiro with Minas 
Geraes and S. Paulo, of which 147 miles are 



332 



BKAZIL. 



finished, the Maua, from Maua to the Serra 
da Estrella, and the Cantigallo ; all these lines 
* have been constructed with native capital, and, 
though not lucrative, are of vast importance 
to the agriculture of the province. 

Steam navigation has made rapid progress, 
and a continuous connection is kept up between 
the various ports of the province and with the 
city of Rio Janeiro and other places. 

Nitherohy, situated on the opposite side of the 
bay from Rio de Janeiro, consists chiefly of a 
very nice town called Praia Grande, which has 
been, since 1834, the legal capital of the pro- 
vince. It contains some well-built houses 
mostly the residences of persons in business in 
Rio. Its commerce is entirely dependent on 
Rio, which deprives it of all importance as a 
commercial place. In it reside the president of 
the province and other provincial authorities. 

PETROPOLIS. 

To get to this far-famed place you take the 
steamer from Rio to Maua, there the railway to 
Fragosa, whence yo u proceed in carriages up a 
most beautifully constructed macadamised road, 



RIO DE JANEIRO. 



333 



the engineering of which is a masterpiece of its 
kind. This road is cut zig-zag up the side of a 
mountain, and, "while ascending, you not un- 
frequently see a zone of clouds hanging about 
the middle, while the loftier peaks are glittering 
in the sunshine Ions; after the sun has set on 
the plains below. 

Two or three days spent in viewing the 
scenery around Petropolis will be well bestowed ; 
but the village itself has little to recommend it, 
with the exception of the emperor's palace, 
where he spends the four summer months, and 
which, though devoid of pretension, is a very 
delightful residence* The houses, or Swiss 
cottages, which surround the village are elevated, 
one above the other here and there, seeming 
like bird-cages perched in rocky niches, display^ 
ing, in striking contrast with the mountains on 
which they stand, the littleness of the works of 
man in presence of those of the Creator. Re- 
turning to Rio the scene which expands before 
you in the blue distance is exquisite. 

Campos, situated on the navigable river Pa- 
rahyba, is the most northern town of the 
province, and, in consequence of the district 
around beins; well suited to the growth of su^ar- 



334 



BRAZIL. 



cane, it is a very thriving place. The town 
contains 25,000 inhabitants. All its foreign 
trade has to be carried on through Rio. From 
this place comes the greater part of the rose- 
wood shipped from Eio, as also the sugar. 



335 



PROVINCE OF BAHIA. 



HISTOEY. 

This province justly claims the title of 
Frimosemta cle CabraL as Porto Seguro in this 
province was the first land visited "by Cabral, on 
the 21st of April. 1500. The territory of Bahia 
was granted to Francisco Fereira Coutinho, 
but this gentleman, while attempting to colonize 
it, unfortunately fell a victim to the savages, 
and his son afterwards sold it to the Kins: of 
Portugal, who, in 1 548, sent out a colony under 
charge of Thome de Souza, appointing; him 
Governor-General of Brazil. This person 
founded, in 1549, the city of St. Salvador, 
making it the seat of the Vice-royalty, which * 
pre-eminence it enjoyed until 1763, when Rio 
de Janeiro became the seat of the Vice-royalty, 
and Bahia a captain-generalship. In 1624 the 
province was invaded by the Dutch, and the 
city taken possession of by them ; but they were 



336 



BKAZIL. 



driven out the next year, notwithstanding which, 
their occupation of the northern province for 
many years, and a threatening aspect, retarded 
the progress of Bahia. 

The independence of Brazil was strongly op- 
posed here by the Portuguese General, Madeira ; 
who was not expelled until the year 1823, on 
the 2nd of July, which day, in consequence, is 
considered their day of independence, in cele- 
brating which party feeling often excites 
animosity against the Portuguese. 

The districts of Porto Seguro and Ilheos were 
incorporated with the province of Bahia in 1759, 
and still remain so. The districts bordering on 
the river S. Francisco, comprising the villages of 
Pilao Arcado, Compo Largo, and Carinhanha, 
were separated from Pernambuco and joined to 
Minas Geraes in 1824, but subsequently, in 
1827, were annexed to Bahia. 

Bahia is not only the oldest province in the 
empire, but is also one of the most important. 
From Bahia also come most of the poets and 
illustrious men of the empire, and many of the 
ministerial portfolios are entrusted to Bahians. 

By a bull of the 1st of March, 1555, Bahia 
was created the first bishoprick in Brazil, but the 



BAHIA. 



337 



Bishop, wliile on a voyage to Portugal, was 
shipwrecked on the coast near the mouth of the 
S. Francisco, and, together with others, was 
devoured by the cannibal Indians, the Cahetes. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

The province is situated between 9° 42' and 
18° 12' south latitude, and 37° 9' and 46° 9' west 
longitude. It is bounded on the north by 
Sergipe and Pernambuco, being separated from 
the former by the river Real and from the latter 
by the S. Francisco, on the west by Minas 
Greraes and Govaz, the Serra dos Aim ores dividing 
it from the first, and the Serra da Tabatinga and 
Chapada da St. Maria, from the last ; on the south 
by Espirito Santo, the boundary being the 
Mucury, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. 
Its extent from north to south is 160 leagues, 
from east to west 180 leagues, and its estimated 
area is 14,000 square leagues. 

The capital and port, open to foreign com- 
merce, is S. Salvador da Bahia. 

The climate varies according to the locality 
and height of the land. For about 20 leagues 
from the coast the surface is very uneven, and 

z 



338 



BRAZIL. 



there rains fall frequently and abundantly. In 
that district it is hot and very humid, but 
further in the interior on the wide level plateaux 
of the different mountains, where droughts are 
common, it is dry, and, though warm, genial and 
healthv. Along the low lands bordering on the 
S. Francisco, intermittent fevers of a dangerous 
kind prevail. 

The surface is in general considerably ele- 
vated, and even mountainous, particularly in 
those parts that border on the provinces of 
Minas Geraes and Goyaz, but on the coast the 
ground is low and without great elevations. In 
the middle are vast table-lands, subject ta 
droughts, and extensive valleys along the large 
rivers, these valleys and the maritime portion of 
the province being the most productive and best 
cultivated. 

The mountains scattered in the interior are 
almost unknown, but seem to form part of the 
two Cordilleras of Brazil which run north and 
south, one near the coast, and the other further 
in the interior. 

Of the rivers, which this province possesses, 
the principal ones are : — the S. Francisco, 
which, taking its rise in Minas Geraes, empties 



BAHIA. 



339 



into the sea between Sergipe and Alagoas, 
and is navigable throughout nearly its whole 
length, except for 50 miles from the great fall of 
Paulo Alfonso; theXtapicurii, which, coming from 
the district of Jacobina, has a course of 150 
leagues; the Sergi-mirim and Paraguassii 100 
leagues long, both emptying into the Bay of 
Bahia ; the Pardo and the Contas ; the Jequitin- 
honha, which has its origin in Minas Geraes and 
disembogues below Belmonte; and the Mucury, 
also rising in Minas Geraes, is navigated by 
small steamers to St a . Clara. 

This province abounds in mineral riches. 
The gold mines of Chapada Gentio and Sincora 
while worked were very lucrative, and the 
diamonds found in those localities and at the 
Len§6es were once the wonder of Europe. The 
silver mines discovered by Roberto Dias are 
now unknown, and the gold mines all aban- 
doned for agricultural pursuits, which are found 
more profitable, but which in the gold-hunting 
days were neglected by an improvident popula- 
tion to such an extent that food rose to enor- 
mous prices. The country abounds also with 
iron, copper, coal, and other minerals, but all 
are unused for lack of labour and enterprise. 

z 2 



340 



BRAZIL. 



A highly inflammable bituminous earth is found 
in a part of the province, whole districts abound- 
ing with it. It mav be obtained with great 
facility, but it is never used, though, as it is 
reported to contain 40 per cent, of volatile 
matter and 55 per cent, of carbon, it would be 
valuable for the production of gas or as fuel for 
steam purposes. 

The province has numerous forests, producing 
several valuable kinds of wood, such as lignum 
vitse, rosewood, satinwood, and many suitable 
for naval construction and house-building. 
Some of the hard woods are unsurpassed for 
durability and toughness. A kind of cedar is 
in great request for making the insides of 
drawers and wardrobes, and also for cigar boxes 
and similar light work. This fertile province 
also yields balsams, gums, numerous medicinal 
roots, cotton, sugar-cane, coffee, tobacco, ta- 
pioca, and all fruits of tropical climes are found 
here, and although not cultivated or looked 
after, produce largely. Among the fruits are 
the mango, pine-apple, orange, fig, lemon, and 
saputL Vegetables for table use can be readily 
grown, but in consequence of the scarcity of 
labour are very dear. Yams are very good 



BAHIA. 



341 



and very plentiful. Poultry, except ducks and 
geese, is abundant. Cattle are raised in suf- 
ficient numbers for the consumption of tlie 
province, but the meat is lean, flabby, and 
tasteless. Mutton, lamb, and veal are almost 
impossible to procure. 

The productive industry of Bahia is mainly 
devoted to agriculture, and to the obtaining of 
their much-prized gums, roots, and dye-woods, 
of which, including the Pao de Brazil, large 
amounts are exported. But the chief riches of 
the province are derived from the cultivation of 
cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, and coffee, of all 
which the exports are very great, and so 
remunerative that manufactures are almost of 
no importance. 

Sugar commands the first place among these 
products. In 1711 there were only 146 sugar- 
mills in the province, exporting 14,500 boxes of 
sugar, weighing 507,500 arrobas, and value 
1,070,206$. In 1852, there were more than 
800 large sugar-mills, besides about 400 smaller 
ones, used chiefly for the manufacture of rum, 
but many of which likewise made sugar. 



342 BEAZIL. 



The Average Production of Sugar in the Province was — 







AiTobas. 


During the 10 Years ending 


1816 


725,125 


10 


1826 


1,321,180 


10 


1836 


1,277,452 


10 


1846 


1,563,559 



The Average Export to Foreign Countries was — 







Arrobas. 


During the 3 Years ending 


1842 


1.315.559 


3 „ 


1849 


2,333,865 


„ 3 


1856 


2.481.051 


3 


1860 


1,474,663 


91 2 55 


1862 


2,953,174 



■TOBACCO. 

Next in importance to sugar comes the 
growth and manufacture of the tobacco of the 
province, which is of a superior quality, and 
has always been one of the chief staples of 
Bahia since the commencement of its culture in 
1600. 



BAHIA. 343 



The Exportation of Tobacco to Foreign Countries was — 






Years. 


Arrobas. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


Jl liL u T Li C 










1711 

X f X X 


900 000 

m*=* \J\J m \J\J\J 


18516 


203 1 GO'S 

UWOi X \J\J O 


Ditto 


1816 


690 494 


18340 


830 874 £ 


Ditto 


1826 


473,629 


1S445 


680^,8648 


Ditto 


1836 


258,519 


28190 


565,147$ 


Ditto for the year 


1846 


180.560 


38160 


569.2728 


Ditto 


1849 


280,946 


28196 


617,0638 


Ditto 


1853 


611.145 


28877 


1,757,0658 


Ditto 


1855 


802,896 


2S325 


1,862.0008 


Ditto 


1856 


1,536.507 


2S185 


3,282.0008 


Ditto 


1858 


493^791 


obi n 


2,420,9168 


Ditto 


1860 


249,170 


6$176 


1,538,9868 


Ditto 


1862 


1,036,598 


58183 


5,372,6668 



Coffee. — Though in 1810 this Province only exported 
3,893 arrobas to Foreign Countries, its exports had 
increased — 





Arrobas. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


In 1830 to 


45,882 


28100 


96,2478 


In 1840 to 


52,365 


3g509 


179,7028 


In 1849 to 


85,876 


38145 


269.856S 


In 1858 to 


233,904 


38989 


933,1688 


In 1860 to 


198,604 


58099 


1,011,0748 


In 1862 to 


286,167 


6S160 


1,762,9408 



844 



BRAZIL. 



The produce of the whole crop of — 

Ar rob as. 

1854 was 147.o77 I Exported to Rio 16,214" 

1855 ., 226,631 I 28,217 

1856 255,458 | „ 50,680 



COTTON. 

Previous to the outbreak of the civil war in 
the United States of North America, this staple 
received but little attention, and its statistics 
anterior to that event show none of the great 
development of production observable in other 
products of this province. 

However, since then, the great increase in the 
value of cotton has stimulated the Bahianos to 
extend and improve its culture, and they have 
eagerly purchased improved seed, and cotton 
gins for the better separating the fibre from 
the seed. 



The Exportation to Foreign Ports was — 

Arrobas. 
24.343 
50,216 
62,844 
9,361 
9,279 
1,160 
18,493 
45.814 



In the Year 1854 
J 855 
1856 
1858 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 



BAHIA. 



345 



CACAO. 

The culture of cacao was first begun in 1780, 
plants being brought from Para, where it is 
indigenous, to the districts of Valenca, Camamu, 
and Ilheos. Since then its culture has steadily 
increased, and the quantities exported Trere : — 



Years. 


Arrobas. 


Average 
Price. 


Value. 


In 


1830 


1.788 


2S600 


4,618$ 




1840 


7.244 


28980 


21.8108 


?5 


1845 


13.332 


3S180 


42.508S 


3? 


1849 


20.261 


2S260 


45.6538 


33 


1854 


27.378 


2S155 


59.0008 


33 


1855 


34.764 


38380 


114,0008 


35 


1856 


31.582 


48890 


153,0008 



The population is estimated at 1,200,000, 
including 250,000 slaves. 

The representation is 7 senators and 14 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and 42 
deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force consists of 1,700 men in 
garrisons, 700 police, and about 110,000 national 
guards. 

Public instruction is given in one lyceum, one 
normal school, and 181 primary schools. 



346 



BEAZIL. 



Besides these are one medical school, an 
orphan school, and a number of private esta- 
blishments. 

The provincial revenue is about 1,400,000$ 
and the Imperial about 6,700,000$. 

STEAM KAVIGATIO^. 

Besides communication kept up from the city 
of Bahia twice a month with the chief northern 
and southern ports, by the mail steamers of the 
Companhia t>razileira de Paquetes, and with 
Pernambuco, Maceio, and Rio de Janeiro by 
the English and French mail steamers, there 
are various steamers plying between Bahia and 
Cachoeira on the Paraguassii, Nazareth, S. 
Amaro, Yalei^a, Caravelas, and Maceio, calling 
at the intermediate ports; and between Cara- 
velas and Rio de Janeiro. 

A railroad 11\ miles long runs to Alagoinhas, 
to the north of the capital, intended finally to 
be prolonged to the S. Francisco to connect 
with the Pernambuco and S. Francisco railway 
partly completed. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

S. Salvador, usually called Bahia, the capital 



BAHIA. 



347 



of tlie province, has a population of 180.000, 
and is the only port open to foreign trade. 
It is situated in 13° 0' 55* south, latitude, and 
38° 31' 44' west longitude from Greenwich, as 
determined by observations taken at the liffht- 
house on Fort Antonio, a small antique fort 
built on a sandy beach inside. This fort is 
commanded by another, Fort Cabo, and by 
the circular battery of S. Diog;o. At the 
extremity of the city is Fort Gamboa, and 
beyond that another mounting; 30 grins defends 
the arsenal. There are two more small forts 
near the entrance, and one at Montserrat, but 
the principal defence is the Fort do Mar, which 
was built in 1600, on a rockv bank in the 
inner bay, about a quarter of a mile from the 
shore. First commenced by the Portuguese, 
it was enlarged by the Dutch during; their 
possession of the city, and has since then 
received further additions. It is of a circular 
form of about 285 feet diameter, the original 
tower having been raised, and an extensive 
lower battery built around it. It mounts about 
60 guns of heavy calibre, none of which are 
less than 24-pounders. 

This is the place of deposit of the gunpowder 



348 



BEAZIL, 



and other ammunition, and being so near the 
city an explosion would be exceedingly destruc- 
tive to it. 

The fort is paved with flags carefully ce- 
mented, so as to conduct all the water falling 
on their surfaces through a grate into a large 
reservoir, capable of containing sufficient water 
to supply the garrison for six months. 

The officers and commandant reside in the 
fort, and there are, besides, some apartments for 
prisoners of state, which, however, are vacant. 
The fort also defends the Arsenal of Marine. 

The view of the bay is beautiful, the hills 
being diversified with trees of the freshest ver- 
dure, and may be compared with the richest 
scenery in Europe. The crests of the surround- 
ing hills and islands are crowned with groves of 
mango, cedar, and other trees, while the slopes 
to the right are occupied with well laid-out 
gardens. This bay receives the waters of 
several rivers, and forms an extensive gulf, with 
an entrance of two and a quarter leagues broad, 
and with a circumference of about forty leagues. 
Here, sheltered from every wind, and sur- 
rounded by a country exuberantly rich, fleets 
may ride safe at anchor in a gulf which seems 



BATTTA. 



349 



as if formed by nature to be the emporium of 
tlie world and to receive its shipping, while the 
town itself, seen picturesquely crowning the 
hio;h bluff that circles round the eastern side of 
the bay, seems a fitting mistress of the lovely 
scene. 

But, unfortunately, a cursory view of that 
part of the town which is built on the narrow 
ribbon of low fiat ground lying at the foot of the 
hill, much of it close, filthy, and dilapidated, is 
apt to give an impression to the traveller which 
a better acquaintance with the city can alone 
remove ; but even in this many of the houses 
and shops are well-constructed buildings, and 
the Eua Xovo do Comniercio is a well-built 
street, mostly occupied with merchants' offices. 
This lower town is the chief seat of trade, but, 
from its plan and situation, being deprived of 
the land and sea-breezes, those inestimable 
blessings in a tropical clime, few of the business 
men reside in it. The lower town consists 
principally of a street running parallel with the 
beach for a distance of three miles, and leading 
to the terminus of the S. Francisco railway, 
which is called the Calcado. Near this is the 
church of the Bom Fim, a splendid edifice richly 



350 



BRAZIL. 



ornamented, and where an annual festa is cele- 
brated, which is attended by the whole popula- 
tion of the city. At Calgado is a very good 
hotel kept by an Englishman, a great accommo- 
dation to the stranger, who had previously either 
to throw himself on the hospitality of the citizens 
or to take rooms and furnish them. Not far 
from Bom Fim, located on a small bay eastward 
of Montserrat, is Tapagife, where all kinds of 
ship -repairs may be made, and where * the water 
is smooth as a pond. At the other end of the 
lower town, and near the Rua Novo do Com- 
mercio, is the new Custom House, which, though 
erected at great cost, is inadequate to the grow- 
ing commerce of the city, which is second only 
to that of Rio. Close to the Custom House is 
the Marine Hospital, a well- constructed building, 
whose internal arrangements are kept in a high 
state of efficiency. There, also, is the beautiful 
church of the Conceicao, whose marble front 
was imported at an enormous cost. 

The traveller wishing to ascend the steep 
bluff, 100 feet high, to the upper town, can 
take the Ladeira da Conceicao, but will no 
doubt avail himself of a cadeira, or sedan-chair 
carried by the negroes. On the top of the bluff 



BAHIA. 



351 



begins the upper town, from which a most 
lovely view of the bay and surrounding scenery 
may be obtained. 

As in all Catholic countries, the churches are 
distinguished above all other edifices, and the 
cathedral is a large handsome building, richly 
gilt and embellished with gaudily-dressed saints. 

In the palace are the public offices, the pro- 
vincial treasury, the supreme court or Belagao> 
the house of assembly, and the palace of the 
president of the province, which last was fast 
falling into decay until the distinguished ad- 
ministration of Mr. Sinimbu, who repaired and 
renovated it, and whose refined taste, seconded 
by the wise judgment of his accomplished wife, 
a lady of English origin, who superintended its 
internal arrangements, has made it truly a 
palace. 

The theatre is also a fine building, but the 
company being usually third-rate, the music is 
in general the only tolerable part of the per- 
formance. 

There are many large and elegant mansions, 
beautifully fitted up, to be found in the suburbs ; 
the neighbourhood of Victoria is the chief 
locality in which the handsome and prettily 



352 



BRAZIL. 



situated residences of the foreign merchants are 
found. Here, in the Cainpo Grande, are the 
two trees to which the African negroes in Bahia 
pay superstitious adoration, and to which they 
make frequent offerings of fruits and vege- 
tables. 

The Passeio Publico, or public walk, leads 
to the suburb of Victoria, and its centre is 
adorned with the monument erected in honour 
of Do m John. The walks are very fine, and 
well shaded w r ith mango and other trees. 

In the bay and in front of Victoria was 
fought that celebrated en°;ao;ement between the 
Spanish admiral, D. Antonio Oquendo and the 
Dutch admiral, Adrian Patryd, in which the 
latter, finding himself overpowered by superior 
force, threw himself into the sea, exclaiming, 
" the ocean is the only tomb worthy of a 
Batavian admiral." 

The foreign exportation of 1862-3 

amounted to 18,029,367$ 
" importation of 1862-3 

amounted to 17,137,541 



35,166,908 



353 



PROVINCE OF AMAZOXAS. 



HISTORY. 

This district, at first known as Rio Negro, was 
founded July 11th, 1757, under the governor- 
ship of Joaquini de Mello Povoas, the first 
capital being at Barcellos, now a small village. 
In 1774, the captaincies of Rio Negro and Para 
were formed into the captain-generalship of 
Grao Para, and remained united until 1850, 
when the present province of Amazonas received 
a distinct organization. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

This immense province stretches between 
4° 23' north latitude and 10° south latitude, and 
between 56° 59' and 75° 3' west longitude* It is 
bounded on the north by Guiana, Venezuela, 
and Xew Granada, being divided from these by 
the range of mountains which, under various 
names, runs along the northern boundary of 

A A 



354 



BRAZIL 



Brazil ; on the west by Equador and Peru, the 
Japura, for part of its length, and the Javari, 
from south latitude 10°, forming most of the 
dividing line ; on the south by Peru, Bolivia, 
and the province of Mato Grosso, the tenth 
degree of south latitude being the divisional line* 
from the two first, and the rivers Madeira and 
Machado that from Mato Grosso. 

Its length from east to west is 330 leagues, from 
north to south 280 leagues, and its estimated 
area 64,000 leagues. Its capital is Manaos. 

The climate is humid, and is very hot during 
the day, but cool in the night. The heat is 
also mitigated by the rains, which fall irregu- 
larly at all seasons, and very heavily during the 
months of July and November. The climate 
is unhealthy for persons who have to expose 
themselves to the heat of the sun* and to the 
damp air of the night, and agues and dysenteries 
are frequent, particularly in the lands lying 
near the rivers, which are liable to overflow in 
the wet season. With care, however, it is not 
unfavourable to longevity. 

The only mountains of importance in this pro- 
vince are those which form its northern boun- 
dary, but which, though making a united chain 



AMAZONAS. 



355 



of great length, are only of moderate height. 
The surface thus is almost only one immense 
plain, watered by a splendid system of rivers, 
among which the Amazonas flows pre-emi- 
nent. 

This enormous river takes its rise in the 
Andes, within 100 miles of the Pacific, and after 
a course of 1,800 miles through Peru, enters the 
western confines of Amazonas — alreadv a first- 
class stream — and flows for upwards of 1,200 
miles to Pard, through which it passes to dis- 
embogue in the ocean, after a course of 3,950 
miles, 2,100 of which are in Brazilian territory, 
and navigable for even sailing vessels of great 
size. It receives in this province a multitude 
of tributaries, most of which are unexplored, 
but probably are all more or less navigable. 
Among the largest and best-known are, the 
Javary, on the confines of Peru ; the deep 19a ; 
the valuable Japura, 1,000 miles long, 350 of 
which are in Brazil ; the winding Puriis, navi- 
gable, in high water, to the boundary of Brazil, 
720 leagues, by steamboats of four to five feet 
draught ; the important Negro, which, at their 
confluence, almost rivals the Amazonas ; and the 
Madeira, navigable from its mouth 250 leagues 

a a 2 



35G 



BRAZIL. 



to the plateau of Mato Grosso, from which it 
comes, after seventeen falls in 200 miles. 

Besides the rivers there are a number of bayous 
connecting the rivers with one another, in various 
parts of their courses, and a great many lakes 
into which the water- courses expand, such as 
the Uaicurupa, the Ariticurituba, &c. 

The surface of the country is almost one vast 
plain, the only elevations of importance being 
in the extreme north, where the land rises into 
the boundary chain of low mountains, and in the 
south-east, where the plateau that stretches from 
Maranhao in the east across the Madeira in the 
west breaks away between that river and the 
Puriis. The mineral resources are unknown, 
for but a small portion of the province has been 
explored or even traversed; still some indica- 
tions of crystals and silver have been discovered, 
but remain unexamined. 

The vast extent of level ground is of un- 
exceeded fertility, and is mostly covered with 
immense forests, in which are found many kinds 
of timber suitable for furniture and for the 
construction of ships and houses, dye-woods, 
and trees and other plants producing gums, oils, 
resins, sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha, oil of capaiva, 



AMAZONAS. 



357 



cotton, cocoa, and a host of other substances, 
procurable with little expenditure of labour. 
But above all in importance to the industry of 
the province is the gum-elastic, which is the juice 
of a tree growing in the greatest abundance in 
this province, and which employs one-half of the 
population in its collection, to the neglect of 
agriculture. 

The population of the province is about 
70,000, exclusive of a large number of Indians, 
many tribes of whom lead a savage and inde- 
pendent life, while others cultivate the ground 
and collect gum-elastic, sarsaparilla, &c. 

The representation consists of one senator 
and one deputy to the Imperial Assembly, and 
twenty deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 

The military force is composed of the gar- 
risons of various posts, and about 2,700 national 
guards. 

For public instruction there are two normal 
schools and twenty-five primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 60,000$. 

Steam navigation is kept up with Belem in 
Para and Tabatinga on the frontier of Peru by 
the Amazon Navigation Company, which des- 
patches a vessel from Manaos twice a month to 



358 



BEAZIL. 



Belein, and between Manaos and Tabatinga 
once a month. It is also contemplated to 
extend the benefits of steam communication to 
several other of the large rivers. This company- 
has a monopoly of the steam navigation- 
Small sailing vessels also carry on the trade 
along the river, and even ascend the Amazonas 
as far as Tabatinga. Should the free naviga- 
tion of this river be conceded, as is expected, to 
all nations, it may become the channel of an 
enormous trade, not only with Brazil, but with 
the Republics of Bolivia, Peru, and those on the 
north, which would enrich not only these states, 
but, in a much greater degree, Brazil, through 
which the great trade with those places must of 
necessity pass. 

TOPOGKAPHY. 

Manaos, the capital of the province, is situated 
on the left bank of the Bio Negro, a few miles 
from its embouchure into the Amazonas. The 
population is about 5,000, and the town contains 
about 350 houses and the governmental build- 
ings, which are allowed to remain in a very dila- 
pidated condition. 



AMAZONAS. 



359 



This place serves as a depot for tlie trade of 
"the province, shipping to Belem the produce of 
the surrounding country, and receiving the 
European goods for destribution. 

Steam communication is held twice a month 
with Belem, and once a month with Tabatinga 
on the Peruvian frontier, whence steamboats 
proceed to Nauta, the head of ship navigation, 
^nd about 2,500 miles from the ocean. 



360 



PROVINCE OF SERGIPE. 



HISTORY. 

This province was first colonised in 1592, by 
orders of the Governor of Bahia, in order to 
expel the French, who had made it a depot for a 
considerable smuggling trade which they carried 
on through the Indians. The colony was first 
located at Aracaju, but afterwards removed to 
a more healthy place, called S. Christovao. 

From this the Dutch dispossessed them, and 
it was not until the capitulation of Pernambuco, 
in 1654, that it fell into the hands of the 
Portuguese. It remained subject to Bahia 
until 1824, when it was organised as a distinct 
province, with S. Christovao as capital, but in 
March, 1855, Aracajii was made the capital of 
the province. 

GEOGRAPHY, &C. 

It lies between 10° 20' and 11° 34' south lati- 
tude, and 36° IT and 38° 25' west longitude- 



SERGIPE. 



361 



It is bounded on the north by Alagoas, the 
river S. Francisco separating them ; on the west 
and south-west by Bahia, the rivers Keal and 
Hingo forming in part the boundaries ; and on 
the east by the Atlantic. Its coast extent, 
from the Seal to the S. Francisco is 30 
leagues, from east to west 40 leagues, and its 
area about 1,200 square leagues. The capital 
is Aracajii. 

The climate of the eastern part is similar to 
that of Alagoas, but in interior districts it is 
more subject to droughts. On the borders of 
the rivers and in the marshy places, it is very 
unhealthy, and fevers are common. 

The chief rivers are :— the navigable S. Fran- 
cisco, on the northern boundary, and the Sergipe, 
Vasa-barris, and others, navigable by steamers 
for a short distance from their mouths, and for 
a greater distance by boats. 

Metals are not in abundance, but in the in- 
terior have been found some diamonds, carboni- 
ferous and bituminous schist, with supposed 
beds of coal, marble, lime, chalk, crystal,, 
amianthus, saltpetre, carbonate and nitrate of 
soda, iron, gold, precious stones, and on the 
banks of the S. Francisco, colossal fossil bones. 



562 



BRAZIL. 



The country is generally level, but is very 
-unequal both in appearance and productiveness. 
For about a league or two from the sea the land 
is sandy and barren. For ten leagues further 
inland it becomes rich and well cultivated; at 
sixteen it is extremely fertile, but at about 
twenty-five leagues from the shore it turns in 
general poor and dry, and fit only for the rear- 
ing of cattle. The forests are scanty, but 
contain valuable timber and dye-woods. Ipeca- 
cuanha, quina, cacao, vanilla, &c, grow spon- 
taneously. The chief productions of their 
agriculture, besides articles of food, are sugar 
and cotton; and those exported, cotton, sugar, 
spirits, and edibles. 

The foreign exports of 1862-3, chiefly sugar, 
amounted to 1,1 06,000$, and the direct foreign 
imports to 59,780$. 

A considerable part of the commerce, espe- 
cially in foreign goods, is carried on through 
Bahia. 

The population is about 250,000, including 
50,000 slaves. 

The representation is two senators and four 
deputies to the Imperial Assembly, and twenty- 
four deputies to the Provincial Chamber. 



SEKGIPE. 



363 



The military force is about 200 police and 
20,000 national guards. 

Public education is provided for by about 80 
primary schools. 

The provincial revenue about 550,000$, 
the Imperial about 190,000$. 

Steam navigation is much neglected, but a 
small steamer is employed in trading between 
the mouths of the various rivers and Aracajii, 
and communication is kept up between Vaza- 
barris and Aracajii, Rio S. Francisco and 
Maceio to the north, and Villa Eeal and Bahia 
to the south, by a Bahian company, and by a 
Pernambucan line from Aracajii to Pernambuco 
and the intervening ports. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Aracaju, the capital of the province and port 
for foreign commerce, is situated in 10° 52' south 
latitude, and 36° 49' west longitude, at the 
mouth of the river Sergipe. It is unhealthily 
situated, but has rapidly prospered since its 
foundation in 1855, owing to its favourable 
situation for commerce. 

Foreign exports in 1862-3, amounted to 
1,106,380*. 



364 



BRAZIL. 



Larangeiras, situated at the head of the 
navigation of the Sergipe, in the centre of a 
flourishing agricultural district, is an important 
town, but is disadvantageously situated in the 
midst of ponds, which render it unhealthy. 

S. Christovao, the former capital, 5 leagues, 
from Aracaju, is small and declining. 



4 



1 



365 



PROVINCE OF PARAHYBA. 



HISTOKY. 

The first settlement of this territory was 
made in 1582 on a small island called Camboa, 
near to the present situation of the capital of 
the province. In 1634 it fell into the hands of 
the Dutch, when they possessed themselves of 
the adjoining province of Pernambuco. On 
their expulsion in 1654. it was made subordinate 
to the Captain-general of Pernambuco, but was 
afterwards declared a separate province. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

It lies between 6° 15' and 7° 50' south 
latitude, and 34° 36' and 37° 52' west longitude. 

It is bounded on the north by Rio Grande, 
on the west by Ceara, on the south by Pernam- 
buco, and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. 
It contains about 1,500 square leagues of 
surface. 

The climate is warm and drv, but the heat 



366 



BRAZIL. 



tempered on the coast by the sea-breeze, and 
the climate may be looked on as healthy. The 
rainy season commences about March and ends 
about July, but the interior is liable to droughts 
which often do great injury. The face of the 
country is very unequal, it being traversed by 
spurs of the Borborema Cordilheira forming 
extensive valleys which are usually sandy and 
only fit for grazing, for which the herbage of 
the country is well adapted, being very suc- 
culent. The land of many parts of this province, 
as in those adjoining, suffer at times from want 
of water. Half the province is covered with 
virgin forests which furnish building timber 
and dyewoods, also gums, balsams, and resins. 
Along the rivers there are large tracts of 
fine land suitable for sugar, cotton, tobacco, 
mandioca and other tropical products. On the 
sandy lands along the coast cocoa-nut trees 
grow in great numbers. 

There is iron in the province, but the mines 
are unexplored. The productions of most 
importance are cotton, sugar, and tobacco, 
also Brazil wood and other dyes. Of these 
cotton and sugar make up nearly the whole of 
the value exported to foreign countries. 



PAKAHYBA. 



367 



Cotton has been for some years gradually 
superseding the growth of sugar-cane, as being 
better fitted to contend with the droughts that 
injure many parts of the province. The great 
advance in the price of cotton has had its due 
effect on the production in this province. 

In 1838 there was exported 118,618 arrobas 

„ 1858 „ „ 156,151 
„ 1862 „ „ 201,899 

In 1813 the value of cotton exported wa& 
100,000$; in 1815, 256,680$; in 1816, 
456,550$ ; in 1861, 2062,360$. The sudden 
increase in 1815 and 1816 over 1813 was caused 
by the establishment in 1814 of the house of 
McClacan and Co., in Parahyba. 

The exports of sugar were : — 

In 1838 ... 68,286 arrobas 
„ 1858 ... 800,075 „ 
„ 1862 ... 620,270 „ 

Formerly the trade with foreign countries was 
entirely carried on through Pernambuco, and 
even now a large share of this trade takes that 
direction, the merchants of Pernambuco making: 
heavy advances to the planters. Pernambuco 
is also the mart in which the dealers of Para- 
hyba make their chief purchases of imported 



:S68 



BRAZIL. 



goods. On this account the custom-house 
returns of Parahyba do not give full information 
of the real exports and imports of this province. 

The population is about 260,000, including 
about 5,000 slaves. 

The representation is two senators and five 
deputies to the Imperial assembly, and thirty 
deputies to the provincial chamber. 

The military force is about 400 soldiers and 
police and about 21,000 national guards. 

Public instruction is given in one lyceum and 
59 primary schools. 

The provincial revenue is about 550,000$ 
and the imperial about 350,000$. 

STEAM NAVIGATION. 

The city of Parahyba is placed in bi-monthly 
communication with the chief ports, north and 
.south, by the mail steamers of the Companhia 
Brazileira de Paquetes, and with Pernambuco 
and Fortaleza and intervening ports by the 
steamers of a Pernambuco company. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The most important places are the cities of 
Parahyba, Mamanguape, Area, and Souza.. 
Parahyba, the capital and the only port of 



PAKAHYBA. 



369 



the province free to foreign commerce, is situ- 
ated in 6° 57' south and 34° 50' west, about 
three leagues from the mouth of the river of 
same name. It has a population of about 
16,000 persons, and is the richest and most 
commercial, as well as most populous city in 
the province. The port is also the best, but 
vessels of more than 12 or 13 feet draught 
cannot well enter. It is defended by the fort 
of Cadebello, once famous during the Dutch 
invasion, but now somewhat ruinous. The 
view at the entrance of the river is very fine^ 
the dense virgin forests lining it to the water's 
edge. The city is divided into two parts, the 
high city and the low city, in which last the 
commerce of the place is chiefly carried on. 
The streets of Parahyba are mostly well paved, 
but there are few edifices worthy of notice 
except the palace of the president and four 
churches. The only important public work 
is the large wooden bridge near the city. 

Area, the second city of the province, is 
in the centre of a rich agricultural district. 

Souza is situated in the interior, on the river 
Peixe, and is important as a great locality for 
grazing stations. 

B B 



370 



BRAZIL. 



EMIGRATION. 

The attention of emigrants has not hitherto 
been directed to Brazil, although this country 
possesses many advantages over others to which 
a continuous stream of emigration is pouring. 

In the main, the chief reason for this is, un- 
doubtedly, the want of precise knowledge of 
the country, as the books hitherto published 
have been devoted more especially to those 
strikiug characteristics in the geology, vege- 
tation, animal life, and peculiarities of the 
country generally, which were of a nature to 
interest and amuse the reading public, but 
which served little purpose towards affording 
the emigrant the practical information which 
he needs. 

Another reason is, the most erroneous idea 
which prevails respecting the Brazilian climate 
— that it is unhealthy. Far from this; it can 
rank with the healthiest and most enjoyable 



EMIGKATIOX. 



371 



climates of tlie world, and its ill-repute has had 
origin chiefly from the sanitary conditions of 
certain regions best known, and therefore 
iudged characteristic of Brazil, and from the 
occasional existence of yellow fever in certain 
ports, just as in Xew York not many years 
ago before proper sewage existed, and as still 
in New Orleans and some other ports. 

Another is the language — of course a draw- 
back and a material one at first— hut the 
experience furnished by the emigration to the 
River Plate has shown conclusively that the 
Spanish language (almost identical with Por- 
tuguese) offers little difficulty, and that a 
command of it is obtained in a very short 
time, particularly by the Irish. 

Another is, the want of information on the 
localities to which the emigrant should proceed, 
the means of access, the prices and terms on 
which lands are sold, the inducements offered 
by Government or companies, and various other 
detailed information necessary to guide the 
emigrant in his course. These it is our pur- 
pose to supply as far as possible within the 
narrow limits within which we wish to bound 
■our present observations. 

b b 2 



372 



BRAZIL. 



Brazil contains about 1,900,000,000 acres 
of land, upon which is a population of about 
8,000,000. This, however, is not equally dis- 
tributed. 

In the whole of the immense valley of the 
Amazonas in the north, comprising one-third 
of the whole extent of Brazil, there is a popu- 
lation of only 100,000. In the interior a similar 
disproportion exists, and nine-tenths of the 
free population, and almost all the slaves, are 
gathered into the strip of low land along the- 
sea-coast where sugar, cotton, and tobacco are 
cultivated, and particularly into the province 
of Bio de Janeiro and the other coffee-growing 
districts around it, the remainder of the country 
being abandoned to solitude, to the working of 
such gold washings as still repay the rude pro- 
cesses used, and to the rearing of cattle and 
horses. 

The level valley of the Amazon, and the low 
land along the coast, constitute the hot region 
of Brazil, but though lying within the tropics 
the climate, owing, in a great measure, to the 
prevailing winds being from the sea, is so modi- 
fied as to permit of white labour being used. 
In point of fact this is the main dependence in 



EMIGRATION. 



373 



the sugar and cotton districts in the northern, 
and therefore warmest provinces, the superior 
-profits of the coffee-culture having caused the 
withdrawal of the bulk of the slaves to the 
more wealthy coffee region, so that the propor- 
tion borne by the slave to the white population 
in the northern and most southern provinces 
does not exceed one slave to ten freemen. 

South of the valley of the Amazon and east 
of the low land of the coast, is a vast elevated 
region buttressed up as it were on hills and 
mountains. 

This high land rises somewhat rapidly in the 
north ; towards the east lifts itself abruptly 
out of the low land ; in the middle attains its 
greatest elevation among the mountains of 
Minas Geraes, which turn into great plains 
and low swells as they recede westward into 
Goyaz and Mato Grosso ; and in the south 
falls, and approaches nearer to the sea until 
the high land and the mountains on the sea- 
coast die away into the low mountains, hills, 
and plains of the province of Rio Grande do 
; Sul. 

Two important effects result from this ele- 
vation of the interior, of which the first is that, 



374 



BRAZIL. 



though many large navigable rivers enter this 
high land, falls occur where their descent is 
made into the low land, which prevent continu- 
ous navigation from and to the sea, and thus 
it is only in the south-western part of Mato 
Grosso and in the southern province of Rio 
Grande do Sul (otherwise S. Pedro do Sul) 
that a free interior communication with the sea 
exists — with Mato Grosso by the Paraguay 
through the Parana, and with Eio Grande do 
Sul by the Uruguay, this and the Parana join- 
ing near Buenos Ay res to form the river Plate. 

The other effect is, that the elevation of the 
land added to the direction of the wind dimi- 
nishes the temperature so much as to render 
even the most northern part moderate in its 
heat, while in the southern half slight frosts 
occur in winter, and the climate is moderate 
and pleasant, though somewhat warmer in the 
summer than in England, the summer range of 
temperature being between 65°F. and 80°, and 
at times, but rarely, reaching 90°F. 

The climate, therefore, of all this vast region 
fits it for the residence of Europeans, and all 
the crops usually cultivated in Europe may be 
grown on it. including tobacco, cotton, Indian 



EMIGKATION. 



375 



corn (maize) and wheat, besides tea, mandioca, 
coffee in the warmer parts, and a host of other 
tropical plants, while it is likewise well suited 
to the rearing of cattle, horses, mules, goats, 
and sheep. 

In the northern half, however, the seasons are 
too regularly divided into the wet and dry, and 
great droughts are so common and injurious as 
to unfit a large proportion of it for an agricul- 
tural region without resort to irrigation; and, 
as in Buenos Ayres, at times the cattle even die 
from want of water in localities. 

In the southern half the seasons are not 
injuriously regular, and rains fall more or less 
throughout the year; this region, therefore, is 
well fitted in all respects for both agriculture 
and grazing. 

The great valley of the Amazon (including 
the provinces of Para and Amazonas) is suitable 
to the cultivator of sugar, tobacco, cotton, 
cocoa, and a thousand other natives of warm 
countries ; and from this valley comes the gum- 
elastic and a great deal of the sarsaparilla of 
commerce. Cattle also can be raised, but not 
sheep, as the climate is too damp and warm 
for these last. 



376 



BEAZIL. 



Along the sea-coast low land the cultivated 
products are similar, and coffee is raised upon 
its cooler and drier slopes. The same remarks 
apply respecting sheep, and both regions are 
covered with timber, unless where it has been 
cleared for the cultivation of the land. 

On the northern half of the interior, highland 
sheep and cattle thrive, and must be the main 
dependence, particularly sheep, which require 
less water comparatively than cattle. In the 
southern half lies, therefore, the best field for 
such emigrants as do not purpose to cultivate 
sugar-cane and perennial tropical plants. In 
this interior country, and particularly in the 
province of Eio Grande do Sul, the moun- 
tains and the banks of streams are timbered, 
but plains form a feature and afford excellent 
pasture and agricultural land, similar to the 
prairies of the United States, and the River Plate. 

The great drawback in Brazil is the scarcity 
of roads for vehicles, and, indeed, of good roads ' 
of any kind. This want was not so much felt, 
as the lands in cultivation lie usually at no 
great distance from the sea, but the disadvan- 
tages arising from their absence have been so 
strongly impressed upon the Government and 



EMIGRATION. 



377 



people in the present war, by the difficulties 
encountered in forwarding troops and supplies 
overland, that we believe a great change is 
commencing in this respect, and that many 
good roads will be established between all the 
main points at least, thus opening up vast 
tracts of splendid country to settlements ; still, 
our advice would be to wool-raisers, not to 
withdraw far from roads, and to agriculturists, 
to settle only in their vicinity, since ready 
access to a market is the greatest advantage 
they can have, particularly in a country where 
transport of produce is high. 

Besides the rivers, there are five railways 
wdiich go towards the interior. The northern- 
most, belonging chiefly to an English company, 
starts from the port of Pernambuco, and runs 
for miles through a sugar and cotton raising 
country. The next, also in most part belong- 
ing to an English company, runs from the 
port of Bahia, through a country where 
sugar, cotton, and tobacco are the main pro- 
ductions. The third, originating at the port of 
Eio de Janeiro, the capital of the empire, opens 
out a fine coffee region, but has only a portion 



378 



BKAZIL. 



yet finished. The fourth starts from the vicinity 
of Bio, and, in connection with the splendid 
carriage road made by the Uniao and Industria 
Company, develops an excellent coffee and 
agricultural district, and forms communication 
"with the interior pastoral and agricultural pro- 
vince of Minas Geraes, whence is derived a large 
proportion of the food and exports of Rio. The 
fifth will be completed this year, and runs 
from the port of Santos in the province of S. 
Paulo, on to the high interior plains of that pro- 
vince, and will open out a large extent of coffee, 
agricultural and pastoral country. Another 
railway, projected by an English company, will 
start from the port of Rio Grande do Sul, and 
traverse perhaps the finest part of that splendid 
province, (Rio Grande or S. Pedro do Sul) to 
the vast coal-beds on the Candiota branch of 
the River Jagua ro, and the Government is 
pushing on the construction of a road bringing 
the interior of the province of Parana in ready 
communication with its seaports. 

The great tides of emigration to the Americas 
has been to the United States in North America, 
and Buenos Ayres in South America, yet Brazil 



EMIGRATION. 



379 



possesses inherent advantages over both, es- 
pecially for emigrants with enterprise and some 
capital. 

As compared with the northern United States, 
the climate is incomparably more genial, and 
therefore life is easier both to the agriculturist 
and the grazier. In the one, frosts are rare and 
slight, pasture continues in the winter, and thus 
the labour of the farmer may be spread, as in 
England, over the whole year, and the grazier 
need not hoard by vast supplies of winter pro- 
vender for his stock. In the other the soil is 
frost-bound for five to seven months, during 
which the plough is useless and the farmer's 
labour is crowded into six months of sweltering 
weather ; the pasture is killed or covered up with 
snow, and the wintering of their animals 
dissipates the stores which the farmer and the 
grazier (necessarily a farmer also) gathered with 
so much toil and cost, and which, to feed out,, 
required so much additional cost and labour. 

In Brazil less expense is necessary in houses, 
clothes, bed-clothes, firing, shelter for cattle, 
&c. Coffee, sugar, and beef, are very cheap; 
food is more easily grown, the preservation of 
vegetables is not endangered and made difficult 



580 



BRAZIL, 



by intense frosts, and not only can all that is 
grown in the United States be raised in Brazil, 
but the mildness of the winter allows of the 
cultivation of many valuable tropical plants, and 
gives great advantages in the cultivation of 
such commercial staples as cotton, coffee, and 
tobacco. 

Other advantages exist in the small cost at 
which the emigrant can obtain his working 
beasts, horses and cattle being worth only from 
£1 to £2 (five to ten dollars). In taxation 
there is a manifest advantage in Brazil over the 
United States, for in the States from the first, 
the emigrant must pay one per cent, at least, 
each year, upon the value of all his land, horses, 
cattle, &c. — all his property — whether he has 
earned anything as yet or not ; while in Brazil 
the tax is levied only on the increase of his 
stock and on his surplus produce (as export 
duty), and therefore during his first struggles 
as settler, these are not aggravated by the heavy 
direct taxation which falls so embarrassingly in 
the States upon this most critical and expensive 
period of a settler's life. 

It is a knowledge of the advantages which a 
mild climate offers to a settler which has of late 



EMIGRATION. 



381 



years drawn a rapidly increasing emigration to 
the great treeless plains of Buenos Ayres, where 
stone, and wood for fencing and firing are almost 
unknown, and which makes the settlers content 
to burn thistles and dung for cooking purposes 
and brick-making, and endure the chilliness of 
winter without a fire. Brazil, however, in the 
great expanse of country which we have indi- 
cated as the best field for emigration, possesses 
the advantages of a still more genial climate than 
Buenos Ayres, and is without its disadvantages ; 
for stone is abundant, and timber sufficient for 
house and farming purposes is found upon the 
streams ; and this Brazilian region is free from 

7 o 

those periodic storms of wind and sleet which 
cause so much damage and loss to graziers, and 
also from the excessive droughts which render 
Buenos Ayres unfit for agriculture and at times 
destroy cattle by thousands. 

The government of Brazil has been for a long 
time most desirous of drawing emigration to 
this country, and some years ago undertook to 
do this by the establishment of assisted colonies T 
and by encouragement and aid given to the pro- 
vinces, and to companies and individuals to 
establish others. The colonies, however, have 



3S2 



BRAZIL. 



not been so successful as the sacrifices made by 
the government should have warranted ; for 
though some have done moderately well, others 
have stood still, and several have decayed. 

Several influences and circumstances have 
operated towards this result. One is, that a 
large proportion of the emigrants introduced 
consisted of the floating scum of Continental 
Europe, pennyless and worthless. They were 
located on heavy timber land, where the ground 
had to be cleared before any crops could be 
sown. The crops cultivated were such as re- 
quired to be manufactured in some degree 
before being ready for market, arid therefore 
required a certain amount of capital and skill, 
which the poor class of emigrants could not 
supply ; the want of roads discouraging the 
growth of the more bulky crops for sale ; the 
absence of a ready sale at home for the articles 
produced, owing to the want of capital and 
enterprise, and the diminutive quantity of pro- 
duction ; the excessive rates of transport and 
freight to the place of export, that too greatly 
reduced the value of the products at the farm. 
Add to these, the inexperience, incapacity, or 
mismanagement on the part of the directors of 



EMIGRATION. 



383 



the colonies, and, in the case of the private 
colonies, too often a want of due regard to the 
requirements and interests of the colonists, who 
were made subjects of speculation by the owners 
or their managers, and it cannot be a matter of 
surprise that so few of the colonies have suc- 
ceeded, even to a moderate extent. 

In our opinion, the greatest error was in 
locating such emigrants in a timbered country, 
for timber land means bad roads and wearying, 
excessive labour ; and the mere clearing of a 
few acres for a* crop burdened the colonist with 
an amount of debt which, in an open country, 
would have supplied him with the implements 
and stock necessary to a successful start. 
Timber land also precludes the rearing of sheep, 
and, to a great degree, of any stock, except hogs, 
which, however, though valuable to the esta- 
blished farmer, are only an embarrassment and 
an injury in a new settlement, since their pre- 
sence necessitates more costly fencing. 

Our advice, then, to emigrants is to avoid 
the timbered land, unless where proximity 
to an important town, or other considerations, 
overbalance the disadvantages. In the United 
States, these disadvantages are so well appre- 



384 



BEAZIL, 



dated, that it is a common saying that it is 
better to settle on prairie land fifteen miles from 
timber, than to make a farm by clearing timber;; 
and, as alone the mere hauling of the fence of 
forty acres for this distance would require the 
uninterrupted labour of one man with a two- 
horse waggon for at least four months, the dis- 
advantages of a cleared farm must be great and 
obvious in the eyes of the experienced American. 
The prairies also form natural roads, requiring 
but trifling labour, and, from their exposure to 
the winds and sun, dry up rapidly after rains, 
while the roads in timber countries are expen- 
sive to clear, and usually remain mere mud- 
holes, unless when covered with poles, planks r 
or stone. Add to these the greater healthiness 
of the prairies, and their superiority in ease of 
cultivation, abundance of natural pasture with- 
out resort to clearing, and other things which 
will suggest themselves to the farmer, and we 
think we have fully established our proposition, 
that prairie land is most suited to emigrants 
in general. 

We say, therefore, to the emigrant with small 
means as well as to the emigrant with capital 
who wishes to employ it in grazing, to procure 



EMIGRATION. 



385 



prairie land proportioned to his means, with 
timber enough to make his buildings and pens, 
and fence at least ten acres, and let his avail- 
able funds be at once invested in sheep, be they 
sufficient for but ten ewes or for a thousand, 
keeping no more of other stock than are abso- 
lutely needful. Ten acres of land should supply 
him with all the food his family requires, fatten 
some hogs if he prefer their flesh to beef or 
mutton, and supply him with some grain and 
provender for occasions, while to his wool- 
shearing he could ere long look for his luxuries, 
and to the increase of his sheep for wealth. 
When not too far from roads and market, 
cotton and tobacco might be raised ; if nearer 
towns, maize, beans, mandioca, potatoes, onions, 
&c, and if in their proximity, vegetables and 
fruits would be found profitable productions. 

Away from the district around Eio de Ja- 
neiro, cattle and horse raising is not profitable, 
nor is it suitable to the emigrant, still, the rear- 
ing of improved breeds of horses and mules 
would be remunerative, though mares are 
usually valued only for their hides and tallow. 

It must be borne in mind that where the con- 
dition of the roads, or where the distance from 

c c 



386 



BRAZIL. 



the seaport makes transport costly or difficult, 
only such articles as are valuable in proportion 
to their weight and bulk are profitable to the 
farmer, and therefore wool-raising is best fitted 
to the circumstances of an interior settlement. 
But while he might depend upon his wool for 
his main income, the settler ought not to follow 
the lazy practice of the Buenos Ayrean, and 
even of the Brazilian graziers, who live on beef 
or mutton, guiltless of any variation of their 
meat with such things as bread, vegetables, 
milk and butter, purely from too great indolence 
to cultivate a plot of ground, or milk a cow, 
among the hundreds they may have around 
them. 

Foreigners arriving in this country without a 
passport are allowed to land unless suspected of 
being malefactors. A certificate from their 
respective legation or consulate will stand sub- 
stitute for that document in case of need. 

Those who are provided with passports can 
reside wherever they please, and travel all over 
the empire by obtaining a " visto " on it, which 
is granted gratis by the police authority, when 
passing from one to another province. 

Foreigners going abroad are bound, like the 



EMIGRATION. 



387 



Brazilians themselves, to advertise for three 
successive days their intended departure, in the 
interest of their creditors. The formality in 

at 

question is only enforced upon unknown people 

or exceptional individuals. A bond in the 

latter case, with liability to a fine before the 
* %j 

police, is often admitted as a substitute for the 
advertisement. All known people of good re- 
pute are practically exempt from this formality. 

The expense of a passport to go abroad 
amounts to about 12s. (three dollars.) 

A foreigner residing in the empire for two 
years, having an establishment, or known to be 
of good conduct, or if married to a Brazilian 
woman, can travel freely in the interior of the 
country, being provided vfith. a certificate from 
the police authority proving any one of the said 
circumstances. 

The residence in this country is not depen- 
dent upon any permit from a public authority. 

Foreigners are only bound, like all Brazilians, 
by municipal law, and, for statistical purposes, 
to produce a list of the persons composing their 
families, on the occasion of occupying a house. 
Even this formality is seldom practised. 

Foreigners enjoy all the civil rights of Bra- 

c c 2 



S88 



BRAZIL. 



zilians; they can acquire and possess all sorts 
of property, and dispose of it in every way; 
exercise all branches of trade, commerce, and 
industry, -wholesale and retail. All employ- 
ments not considered public ones are accessible 
to them. Brokers, auctioneers, and dispatchers 
in the custom-houses are considered public em- 
ployments, being in the gift of Government. 
Yet foreigners are allowed to clear goods at 
custom-houses, when their own or consigned to 
them. 

Naturalised Brazilians enjoy all the rights of 
natives, except that they cannot become Deputies 
or Ministers of State. All other public employ- 
ments and situations are open to them. 

Two years' residence and good conduct are 
the only conditions required by law for the 
naturalisation of foreigners ; but the Parliament 
is daily dispensing with the former condition in 
all applications from acceptable individuals. 

Colonists arriving in this country enjoy 
special facilities for their settlement. An 
agency office for colonisation was established 
here last year, where all information upon 
lands to be sold, and other particulars, can 
be easily obtained. 



EMIGRATION. 



389 



A steady monarchical representative govern- 
ment, now 42 years old, guaranteeing individual 
liberty by an Habeas Corpus law exactly sucli 
as exists in England; general religious tolera- 
tion; unfettered liberty of the press; trial by 
jury; free right of association and petition; no 
hereditary aristocracy or titles; no distinction 
of castes ; perfect equality before the law ; are 
the principal political features of the Brazilian 
nation. 

Ships bringing emigrants enjoy certain advan- 
tages : and the extended commerce with the 
great seaports of Europe and the United States 
enable the emigrants to reach Eio de Janeiro 
with facility from London, Liverpool, Glasgow, 
Southampton, Newcastle, Newport, Cardiff, 
Swansea, Sunderland, etc., in the United 
Kingdom ; Bremen, Hamburg, Havre, Bor- 
deaux, Marseilles, and the chief ports of the 
continent of Europe both in the north and south. 
From the United States a brisk intercourse is 
maintained through New York and Baltimore, 
Boston, Philadelphia, and probably soon again 
from New Orleans and other Southern ports. 
At Rio de Janeiro is a Government lodoins;- 
house for emigrants, where board is supplied at 



390 



BRAZIL. 



moderate rates. An officer is deputed to go 
on board each vessel and furnish information 
to the emigrants ; and at the lodging-house, 
and the office of the Official Agent any required 
elucidation can likewise be obtained. Luggage, 
and agricultural implements, can be imported 
free of duty ; and if the emigrant elect to 
proceed to one of the Government colonies he 
will be furnished with free passage to its 
nearest seaport. At these colonies, and at 
other places, he will find tracts of land divided 
into townships (territorios) of two leagues 
square, or 43,056 acres, subdivided into various 
tracts, the lowest being a quarter section of 
62,500 square bragas or 75 acres, the price for 
which is generally one real the square braga, 
equal to one shilling and eleven pence, or 
47 cents the acre) cash, or payable by instal- 
ments within five years, with 6 per cent, per 
annum interest. The title-deeds are given on 
marking off the tract and payment of its 
price, and convey full rights of ownership except 
as to minerals, and to a few provisions for the 
general good of the locality as to roads 
and water. 

As regards localities open and suitable for 



EMIGRATION. 



391 



settlement, besides tracts of lands which in 
some districts individuals are willing to sell, in 
some cases even at less than the Government 
prices, there are public lands in the provinces 
of S. Pedro (Rio Grande do Sul), Santa 
Catharina, Parana, S. Paulo, and Espirito 
Santo, already surveyed in or near the colonies 
there, and within easy access to ports in com- 
munication with Rio by steam. 

S. Pedro, which is commonly known as Rio 
Grande do Sul, is chiefly a pastoral province, 
and immense herds of horned cattle and horses 
are reared upon its fine plains. The Govern- 
ment colonies, in a great measure composed of 
German immigrants, are, however, mostly loca- 
ted in the timber land on the rivers flowing 
into Lake Patos, near Porto Alegre, the capital. 
Grazing settlements are forming outside the 
timber on the plains. The colonies have thriven, 
and many of the older settlers are well to do, 
even rich. They raise, besides minor articles, 
beans, maize, mandioca, and export large quan- 
tities of mandioca, flour, and rum. A large 
number of the poorer settlers are employed in 
logging. Wheat grows well, but very little is 
used from a want of local demand, and from not 



392 



BRAZIL. 



being able to compete with American and other 
foreign flour, owing to the absence of good mills, 
and to the extortionate rates of freight due to a 
monopoly which it is expected will be destroyed 
at the next Parliament. 

In the province of Santa Catharina are large 
extents of Government timber lands of great 
richness, lying between the D. Francisca and 
Blumenau colonies, and communicating with 
the sea-coast by the Itajahy- Grande, Itajahy- 
Pequeno, Itapocu, and the S. Francisco, which 
flows through the colony of D. Francisca. 

To the south, and almost contiguous to the 
district of the Itajahy colony, which adjoins to 
the Blumenau colony, is a surveyed township of 
four square leagues in the valley of the Tijucas 
Grandes, which can easily be put in communi- 
cation with the main Lages road by which the 
cattle and working animals are brought from the 
interior. It is likewise not difficult to effect 
direct communication with the seaboard, and 
thence with Desterro, the capital. 

In the south of the province, in the Munici- 
pality of Laguna, are lands drained by the 
Tuberao and its affluents, whose port and 
market is the city of Laguna, situated on the 



EMIGRATION. 



393 



Bay of Laguna. These lands extend to the 
north boundary of the province of Rio Grande 
do Sul, and the settlements forming will in a 
little time be in communication with the Bio 
Grande colonies of Tres Torquilhos and Torres. 

S. Catharina lies against the sea-coast, and, 
therefore, with its many rivers, its genial climate 
and fine land, offers many advantages to 
settlers. 

In the province of Parana the Government 
holds a very large quantity of land. In the 
district of Assunguy, where is the Government 
colony of Assunguy, there are three townships 
surveyed, platted and laid off in sections and 
colonial lots. These are settling up, and there- 
fore five other contiguous townships have been 
surveyed and are ready for subdivision. Xext 
to these, in the direction of the province of S. 
Paulo, and towards Cananea and Iguape, two 
important ports of S. Paulo, there is a great 
extent of Government timber land and prairie, 
well adapted for a great immigration. All this 
immense region communicates on one side with 
the city of Coritiba, the capital of Parana, and 
thence by the Graciosa road with the ports of 
Antonina and Paranagua, situated on the Bay 



394 



BRAZIL. 



of Paranagua, and a road could be run direct to 
the latter port ; on the other side are the 
village of Castro and other important ones of 
the interior, whence come the supplies of cattle ; 
and on another side with the province of S. 
Paulo, running down to the coast of Cananea 
and to the Bibeira de Iguape, whose waters 
take their rise in the districts of Assunguy. 

From the city of Coritiba to the Serra do Mar 
in a south-easterly direction, there are excellent 
timber and prairie lands which end in that serra 
and come on the truck road constructing to the 
port of the D. Francisca colony situated upon 
the river D. Francisca. 

In the letters of that intelligent American 
gentleman, Dr. Blue, will be found a faithful, 
interesting, and practical account of the district 
of the Assunguy, and the prospects of immi- 
grants there. Emigrants from the United 
States and Great Britain will find there a 
rapidly increasing settlement of Americans, 
a few of whom have resided there for many 
years, and thus can have the advantage of 
settling near persons speaking their own lan- 
guage and able to give most useful information 
to the new comer. 



EMIGRATION. 



395 



In the province of S. Paulo may be mentioned 
as applicable to the purposes of immigrants the 
two municipalities of Cananea and Iguape, 
already referred to, in each of which exists a 
surveyed township divided into lots. In that 
of Cananea is commenced a colonv of the same 
name, which, though but a short time in exis- 
tence, promises well. It communicates with 
the sea by a tolerable road of short length. 
In the township of Iguape a settlement is about 
to be made, a number of Brazilians having the 
intention of moving to it. 

To the east-north-east and north-east of 
these townships lie other fertile Government 
lands touching on the villages of Xiririca, 
J uquia and others, and cut by the rivers Eibeira 
de Iguape, Juquia, S. Lourengo, &c. 

Besides these Government lands situated in 
the provinces to the south of Rio de Janeiro 
there are others in the provinces of the north. 

In the province of Espirito Santo, one day's 
steam to the north, and connected with Rio de 
Janeiro by lines of steamers touching at various 
ports, are public lands of superior quality near 
the coast, and cut by rivers navigable for some 
distance, and having for natural markets 



396 



BRAZIL. 



various towns called at by steamers. Those to 
the north and south of the province are the 
"best. 

At the south, in the Municipality of Itape- 
merim, is the Rio Novo colony, and beside it, 
but nearer to the coast, is a township to which 
could be added the lands to the north of the 
Benevente, whose margins are very fertile, and 
those which lie along the Municipality of Gua- 
raparg, where runs the Guaraparg, which is navi- 
gable for several leagues from the sea. 

Towards the top of the serra, starting from 
the port of Guarapary in the direction of the 
old Aldeamento do Imperial AfFonsino and of 
the province of Minas Geraes, there extends to 
the north-west a strip of more than 60 miles wide, 
leaving the colony of Rio Novo to the south 
and that of Santa Isabel to the north. These 
lands are advantageously situated, and are fit 
for cotton, coffee, &c. 

In the north of the province are other lands 
which, going in the direction of the Santa 
Leopoldina colony, with a general northerly 
course by the Santa Theresa road, extend to 
the province of Minas Geraes, near Porto de 
Souza, and to the projected colony of Guandii, 



EMIGRATION. 



397 



where is a surveyed tract of 50 lots, and muck 
other public land in their vicinity. 

This point is likewise acccessible by the fine 
river Doce, which only needs some improve- 
ment at its bar, or the establishment of proper 
assistance to cross it, to become capable of a 
useful navigation. Along; the banks of this 
liver is likewise a large quantity of fertile 
public land, and the Government possesses, 
besides, at a little distance from it, several 
domains purchased from Dr. Franca e Leite, 
and known as Francilvania, Eio Prete and 
Limao, which have been surveyed and marked 
off. 

A little to the south of the Doce there are 
pretty fertile public lands in the municipality of 
Santa Cruz, communicating with the sea by the 
Santa Cruz, and which, by means of some easily- 
made canals between the lakes, could be brought 
^nto water-communication with the Doce. 

More to the north, in the municipality of 
S. Matheos, and cut by the S. Matheos, there 
are good lands near the boundary of the pro- 
vince of Bahia; which province, also, can furnish, 
in this direction, public lands of very fertile 
quality, and abounding in good building timber. 



898 



BEAZIL. 



In the municipality of Caravellas, in Bahia, 
running up the valley of the Mueury into Minas 
Geraes, the Government possesses, likewise, a 
quantity of land. 

Besides the locations which we have cursorily 
mentioned as open and suitable for emigration, 
the Government has tracts of smaller dimen- 
sions in all these provinces. The emigrant, 
therefore, has an opportunity of selecting from 
a vast variety of tracts and situations, healthy, 
well watered, and at no great distance from the 
sea, and possessed of a temperate climate and a 
rich soil, permitting the grow r th of almost every 
remunerative staple and luxury that may be 
desired. Industrious farmers, and persons who 
will turn their attention to agriculture or graz- 
ing, will do well and enjoy life in southern 
Brazil ; and any number of such need not fear 
to bring themselves and their families to the 
fertile and grateful woods and plains of this 
country. 




London: Murray and Co,, 13, Paternoster Bow. 



TO MERCHANTS, CAPTAIIS, AND SHIPPERS 



t 

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3£ %°1$**M 



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BOWL ANUS KALYDOM, 

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COMMAND. 



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They can be obtained, 
retail, of every dealer in 
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CHLORODYNE. 

DISCOVERED BY DR. J. COLLIS BROWNE, 

^Admitted by the Profession to be the most valuable Medicine ever introduced, 

Vice-Chancellor Sir W. Page Wood stated in Court that Dr. J. Collis 
Beowne was undoubtedly the Inventor. Consequently all other compounds 
under the name of Chlorodyne MUST BE SPURIOUS. 

Earl Russell communicated to the College of Physicians and J. T. 
Davenport that Chlorodyne was the only Medicine of any use in Cholera. 

COUGHS, COLDS, ASTHMA, BRONCHITIS, NEURALGIA, ETC., 

ARE IMMEDIATELY RELIEVED. 

The immense demand enables the Proprietors to reduce the price : it is 
now sold in bottles, Is. l|d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and lis. 

CAUTION.— None genuine without the words " Dr. J. Collis Browne's 

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Sole Manufactueer : 

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London. 

LB D 7 03 



1 



